马克思主义劳动价值论视角下平台灵活就业劳动者权益保障研究

Research on the Protection of Rights and Interests of Platform Flexible Employment Workers under the Perspective of Marxist Labor Value Theory

摘要: 数字经济飞速发展催生海量平台灵活就业岗位，新业态劳动形态打破传统工业劳动关系模式，也使得我国现行劳动法律、社会保障、司法救济机制面临适配性困境。当前平台普遍通过格式协议、主体伪装等方式规避用工责任，依托算法管控占有劳动者数字剩余价值，造成劳动者劳动关系认定难、劳动基准保障缺失、社保权益缺位、维权成本高昂等一系列问题，劳动价值创造与权益分配不对等的矛盾日益凸显。本文以马克思主义劳动价值论为核心理论支撑，结合最高法指导性案例、各地司法裁判分歧及全国职业伤害保障试点实践，系统剖析平台灵活就业劳动者权益保障的现实法治困境，厘清新业态劳动形态的价值生成逻辑与劳动正义内核。同时立足我国司法实践与制度改革现状，借鉴地方试点成熟经验，从分层劳动关系立法、全覆盖社保体系构建、算法用工法治化监管、倾斜性司法维权机制优化四个维度，提出针对性、可落地的法治完善路径，旨在平衡平台经济发展与劳动者权益保护，矫正数字劳动领域分配不公问题，推动新业态用工治理规范化、法治化，实现数字经济高质量发展与劳动正义价值的有机统一。

Abstract: The rapid development of the digital economy has generated a large number of platform-based flexible employment jobs. The new form of labor has broken the traditional industrial labor relationship model, bringing adaptive dilemmas to China’s current labor legal system, social security system, and judicial remedy mechanism. At present, digital platforms generally evade employment liabilities through standard-form agreements and subject disguise, and occupy workers’ digital surplus value relying on algorithmic control. This leads to a series of problems including difficulties in labor relationship identification, the absence of labor standard guarantees and social security rights, and high rights-protection costs, prominently highlighting the imbalance between labor value creation and rights and interests distribution. Taking Marxist labor value theory as the core theoretical support, this paper systematically analyzes the practical legal dilemmas in protecting the rights and interests of platform flexible employment workers by combining the Supreme People’s Court guiding cases, divergent judicial judgments across regions, and national pilot practices of occupational injury protection. It clarifies the value generation logic and core connotation of labor justice in the new form of digital labor. Based on the current situation of judicial practice and institutional reform in China and drawing on mature experience of local pilots, this paper proposes targeted and practical legal improvement paths from four dimensions: hierarchical labor relationship legislation, the construction of a full-coverage social security system, legal regulation of algorithm-based employment, and the optimization of biased judicial rights-protection mechanisms. The research aims to balance the development of the platform economy and the protection of workers’ rights and interests, correct the unfair distribution in the field of digital labor, promote the standardized and legalized governance of new employment forms, and realize the organic unity of high-quality development of the digital economy and the value of labor justice.