《民法典》下老年人居住权执行困境与司法保障路径研究

Research on the Enforcement Challenges and Judicial Protection Pathways for Elderly Persons’ Right of Residence under the Civil Code

摘要: 随着我国社会老龄化程度的不断加深，老年人的居住权益保障成为亟待解决的重要社会问题。《中华人民共和国民法典》设立居住权制度，为老年人权益保护提供了重要的法律依据，具有里程碑式的意义。然而，在司法实践中，老年人居住权执行面临诸多困境，严重影响了这一权利的实现。本论文采用规范分析、案例实证和比较研究等方法，深入探讨老年人居住权相关问题。研究发现，当前法律规范存在模糊性，居住权登记存在障碍、执行标的具有特殊性，配套机制缺失，同时传统观念与家庭伦理也构成隐性阻碍。通过对大陆法系和英美法系国家相关制度和实践的分析，总结出立法细化、执行柔性化和社会协同等经验。最终从完善法律规范、构建专业化执行机制、强化配套措施与社会协同等层面，提出构建保障老年人居住权的全链条保护体系，旨在实现法律公平与实质正义的统一，为老龄化社会的居住权保障提供可持续方案。

Abstract: As China’s aging population deepens, ensuring the housing rights of the elderly has become a pressing social issue. The Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China establishes a right of residence system, providing important legal grounds for protecting the rights and interests of the elderly, marking a milestone in this regard. However, in judicial practice, enforcement of the elderly’s right of habitation faces numerous challenges that significantly hinder its realization. This paper employs normative analysis, case-based empirical research, and comparative studies to thoroughly examine issues related to the elderly’s right of habitation. Findings indicate that current legal provisions are ambiguous, registration of the right of habitation is obstructed, the subject matter of enforcement is unique, supporting mechanisms are lacking, and traditional values and family ethics also pose implicit barriers. By analyzing relevant systems and practices in civil law and common law jurisdictions, the study identifies valuable experiences such as legislative refinement, flexible enforcement, and social collaboration. Ultimately, it proposes building a comprehensive protection system for the elderly’s right of habitation through improving legal frameworks, establishing specialized enforcement mechanisms, strengthening supporting measures, and enhancing social coordination, aiming to achieve unity between legal fairness and substantive justice, and offering a sustainable solution for housing rights protection in an aging society.