新就业形态劳动者权益保障的实践困境与完善路径

The Practical Difficulties and Improvement Paths of Rights Protection for Workers in New Forms of Employment

摘要: 新就业形态劳动者已成为劳动力市场的重要组成部分。平台用工模式的灵活性与算法管理的隐蔽性，使这一群体面临劳动关系认定困难、算法权力失范、职业伤害保障不足等权益风险。现行劳动法建立在工业时代“企业 + 雇员”的科层制用工假设之上，难以有效回应数字时代劳动形态的变革。2024年最高人民法院发布首批新就业形态劳动争议专题指导性案例，确立了“支配性劳动管理”的认定标准。2025年职业伤害保障试点进一步扩围。以现行法律框架与司法实践为分析基础，梳理新就业形态劳动者权益保障的实践困境，并从劳动关系认定规则的完善、算法透明义务的制度化、职业伤害保障的扩围与衔接三个层面提出制度完善方案。

Abstract: Workers in new forms of employment have become an important part of the labor market. The flexibility of platform-based employment models and the opacity of algorithmic management have exposed this group to risks regarding rights protection, including difficulties in establishing employment relationships, algorithmic power imbalance, and insufficient occupational injury protection. The current labor law, built upon the industrial-era assumption of “enterprise-employee” hierarchical employment, struggles to effectively respond to the transformation of labor patterns in the digital age. In 2024, the Supreme People’s Court issued the first batch of guiding cases on labor disputes in new forms of employment, establishing the standard of “dominant labor management”. In 2025, the pilot program for occupational injury protection was further expanded. Based on an analysis of the current legal framework and judicial practice, this paper examines the practical difficulties in protecting the rights of workers in new forms of employment and proposes improvement paths from three dimensions: refining the rules for determining employment relationships, institutionalizing algorithm transparency obligations, and expanding and coordinating occupational injury protection.