禽舍高锰酸钾和中草药熏蒸消毒效果对比研究

A Comparative Study on Fumigation Disinfection Effects of Potassium Permanganate and Compound Chinese Herbal Medicines in Poultry Houses

摘要: 为筛选适配规模化禽类养殖的高效、安全、环保消毒工艺，破解传统消毒技术适配性不足，综合效益失衡的行业痛点，本研究对比分析高锰酸钾–甲醛熏蒸与中草药熏蒸两种消毒方式在封闭式肉鸡禽舍内的消杀效果、养殖适配性、经济成本及环境效益。试验以标准化封闭式肉鸡禽舍为试验载体，以环境细菌总量、优势致病菌杀灭率、肉鸡生理生长指标、消毒综合成本、环境残留及设备损耗为评价指标，量化剖析两种熏蒸消毒工艺应用优劣。结果显示：高锰酸钾–甲醛熏蒸杀菌性能突出，禽舍常见大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌杀灭率可达90%以上，适用于疫病暴发后的应急消杀与空舍深度消毒，但存在金属设备腐蚀作用强、肉鸡应激反应发生率高、甲醛残留易造成次生环境污染等缺陷；中草药熏蒸依托多靶点抗菌机制，消毒效果稳定性强、肉鸡刺激性低、无化学残留污染，可降低养殖应急、优化禽舍微生态环境，仅速效细菌消杀性能略低于高锰酸钾–甲醛熏蒸。本研究明确两种熏蒸消毒工艺适配场景，可为规模化肉鸡养殖场消毒工艺标准化选型、绿色生态养殖体系构建提供理论依据与实践参考。

Abstract: To develop an efficient, safe, and eco-friendly disinfection technique suitable for large-scale poultry production and solve the industrial bottlenecks of poor applicability and unbalanced comprehensive benefits associated with traditional disinfection strategies, the present study comparatively investigated the sterilization efficacy, breeding adaptability, economic cost, and environmental performance of two fumigation approaches (potassium permanganate-formaldehyde fumigation and Chinese herbal medicine fumigation) in enclosed broiler houses. Using standardized enclosed broiler houses as the experimental platform, a series of evaluation indices were determined, including total airborne bacterial abundance, inactivation rate of predominant pathogenic bacteria, physiological and growth parameters of broilers, comprehensive disinfection cost, environmental residue level, and equipment loss, so as to quantitatively evaluate the practical advantages and limitations of the two fumigation disinfection technologies. The results demonstrated that potassium permanganate-formaldehyde fumigation possessed superior bactericidal capacity, with the inactivation rates of common poultry pathogens such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella exceeding 90%. This technique is suitable for emergency disinfection during disease outbreaks and thorough sanitization of empty poultry houses. However, it presents prominent disadvantages, including severe corrosion to metal facilities, a high incidence of stress responses in broilers, and secondary environmental pollution induced by residual formaldehyde. In contrast, Chinese herbal medicine fumigation achieves antibacterial effects through a multi-target mechanism, and is characterized by stable disinfection performance, negligible irritation to broilers, and zero chemical residues. This approach can effectively alleviate breeding stress and improve the indoor microecological environment of poultry houses, with only a slight deficiency in rapid bactericidal efficiency compared with potassium permanganate-formaldehyde fumigation. This study clarifies the applicable scenarios of the two fumigation disinfection technologies. The findings can provide a reliable theoretical basis and practical reference for the standardized selection of disinfection schemes and the establishment of green ecological breeding systems in large-scale commercial broiler farms.