农业废弃物资源化利用的经济学分析：基于成本收益与市场失灵的政策优化研究

Economic Analysis of Resource Utilization of Agricultural Waste: Policy Optimization Research Based on Cost-Benefit and Market Failure

摘要: 双碳目标与乡村振兴战略背景下，农业废弃物资源化兼具生态减排、资源循环多重价值，但产业长期呈现“行政驱动、市场乏力”困境，技术可行却难以自主盈利。本文整合外部性、公共物品、产权与交易成本理论，构建农户–企业–政府三方互动分析框架，系统剖析农业废弃物资源化复合型市场失灵机理。研究发现：资源化行为存在显著正外部性，私人收益远低于社会收益，自发供给严重不足；农业废弃物属于准公共资源，易滋生无偿享用生态红利的搭便车行为；实物产权与碳汇生态产权双重模糊，缺失标准化交易标的；资源分散、季节性、品质异质性叠加多部门审批，推高全链条交易成本，共同扭曲市场定价与供需均衡。在此基础上梳理农户、企业、政府三方主体经营与治理困境，识别补贴结构失衡、产权交易制度空白、碳激励落地门槛高等政策短板。研究提出内化外部性、明晰废弃物产权、降低全链条交易成本、统筹跨部门差异化配套政策等优化路径，通过常态化生态补偿、搭建原料交易平台、完善绿色产品溢价机制、渐进式补贴退坡构建激励相容长效机制。理论上丰富资源环境经济学农业领域应用框架，实践上为“十五五”农业废弃物资源化政策调整提供决策参考。

Abstract: Under the background of the dual-carbon goal and the rural revitalization strategy, the resource utilization of agricultural waste has the multiple values of ecological emission reduction and resource recycling. However, the industry has been in the dilemma of “administrative drive and weak market” for a long time, and it is difficult to make profits independently when technology is feasible. This article integrates the theory of externality, public goods, property rights and transaction costs, builds a three-party interactive analysis framework between farmers, enterprises and governments, and systematically analyzes the failure mechanism of the agricultural waste resource-based composite market. The study found that there is a significant positive externality in resource-oriented behavior, private income is far lower than social income, and the spontaneous supply is seriously insufficient; agricultural waste is a quasi-public resource, which is easy to breed the hitchhiking behavior of enjoying ecological dividends free of charge; physical property rights and carbon sink ecological property rights are blurred, and standardized transaction objects are missing; resource division scattered, seasonal and quality heterogeneous superimposed on multi-departmental approval, which pushes up the transaction cost of the whole chain and jointly distorts market pricing and the balance of supply and demand. On this basis, we will sort out the difficulties of the main business and governance of farmers, enterprises and the government, and identify the imbalance of the subsidy structure, the gap of the property rights transaction system, and the high policy shortcomings of the carbon incentive landing threshold. The study puts forward optimization paths such as internalizing externality, clarifying waste property rights, reducing the transaction costs of the whole chain, and coordinating cross-departmental differentiated supporting policies. Through normalizing ecological compensation, building a raw material trading platform, improving the green product premium mechanism, and gradually reducing subsidies, we can build an incentive-compatible long-term mechanism. In theory, it enriches the application framework of resource and environmental economics in the agricultural field, and in practice, it provides decision-making reference for the adjustment of agricultural waste resource policy in the “15th Five-Year Plan”.