数据侦查中个人信息保护的问题检视与解决对策研究

A Study on the Examination of Issues and Countermeasures for Personal Information Protection in Data Investigation

摘要: 数字技术与侦查活动的深度融合使数据侦查已成为犯罪治理的核心力量，但其在权力运行与个人信息保护之间形成了深刻的内在张力。如何在这一张力中划定侦查权边界、防止个人信息权益被过度克减，已成为亟待回应的命题。数据侦查的回应性、监控性与预测性三重形态在启动时点、干预强度与作用逻辑上存在显著差异，其暴露出的过早启动、过度收集、主体外溢、深度分析、泄露风险及决策偏差等问题，根源在于传统规制体系未能有效应对数字技术带来的权力扩张与权利保障之间的结构性失衡。为此，应当构建差异化的侦查启动门槛、梯度化的审查机制、隐私计算与区块链协同的技术治理路径，并切实落实数据主体的基本权利，形成权力控制、技术治理与权利保障三位一体的规制体系，从而在犯罪防控与人权保障之间实现动态平衡，推动数据侦查从权力单边扩张转向权力与权利的良性互动。

Abstract: The deep integration of digital technology into criminal investigation has made data-driven investigation a core tool for crime governance, yet its operation creates inherent tension with personal information protection. Delineating investigative boundaries and preventing undue infringement upon personal information rights thus poses a pressing legal issue. The responsive, surveillance, and predictive modes of data-driven investigation differ in initiation timing, intervention intensity, and operational logic. Problems such as premature initiation, excessive collection, subject spillover, in-depth analysis, leakage risks, and decision-making biases originate from the traditional regulatory framework’s failure to address the structural imbalance between digitally enabled power expansion and rights protection. To remedy this, a tripartite regulatory system—encompassing power control, technical governance, and rights protection—should be established via differentiated initiation thresholds, graded review mechanisms, privacy computing combined with blockchain, and enforceable data subject rights. This would achieve dynamic equilibrium between crime prevention and human rights protection, steering data-driven investigation from unilateral power expansion toward constructive power-rights interaction.