人工智能自动驾驶技术法律监管体系的构建与完善：基于风险防控与产业发展视角

Construction and Perfection of the Legal Regulatory System of Artificial Intelligence-Based Autonomous Driving Technology: Based on Risk Prevention-and-Control and Industrial Development

摘要: 人工智能自动驾驶技术的快速发展正深刻变革交通出行方式，但伴随而来的法律监管问题日益凸显。当前，我国自动驾驶法律监管面临法律法规不完善、监管机制不协调及责任认定模糊等挑战。现行《中华人民共和国道路交通安全法》难以适应自动驾驶特性，数据隐私、算法责任等领域存在法律空白；多部门监管职责交叉、标准不统一导致效率低下；交通事故、产品缺陷及数据泄露的责任主体界定困难。对此，研究提出三方面路径：一是完善法律体系，修订《中华人民共和国道路交通安全法》并制定自动驾驶汽车相关法律，明确技术标准、数据治理及保险制度；二是健全监管机制，强化多部门协同、优化审批流程并推动国际合作；三是细化责任认定规则，建立基于技术状态与过错程度的事故归责体系，明确生产者、销售者及数据处理者的责任边界。未来需加强跨学科研究、公众参与及国际协调，确保技术发展与法律监管的动态平衡，促进自动驾驶安全、有序应用。

Abstract: The rapid development of AI‑enabled autonomous driving technology is profoundly transforming modes of transportation, yet attendant legal and regulatory issues have become increasingly prominent. At present, China’s legal regulation of autonomous driving is confronted with challenges including imperfect laws and regulations, uncoordinated regulatory mechanisms, and ambiguous liability determination. The existing Road Traffic Safety Law is ill‑adapted to the characteristics of autonomous driving, and legal gaps persist concerning data privacy and algorithm‑related liability. Overlapping regulatory responsibilities among multiple authorities and inconsistent standards lead to low administrative efficiency. Moreover, it is difficult to identify liable parties for traffic accidents, product defects and data breaches. In response, this study puts forward three approaches. First, improve the legal system by amending the Road Traffic Safety Law and enacting an Autonomous Vehicle Act, so as to clarify technical standards, data governance and insurance regimes. Second, optimize regulatory mechanisms: strengthen inter‑departmental coordination, streamline approval procedures, and advance international cooperation. Third, refine liability‑ascertainment rules, establish an accident‑imputation system based on technical status and degrees of fault, and delineate the scope of liability for manufacturers, sellers and data processors. Going forward, greater emphasis should be placed on interdisciplinary research, public participation and international coordination to secure a dynamic balance between technological advancement and legal regulation, and foster the safe and orderly application of autonomous driving.