《1844年经济学哲学手稿》异化劳动理论与当代青年价值观念的现实反思

The Theory of Alienated Labor in the Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 and Realistic Reflections on Contemporary Youths’ Values

摘要: 马克思在《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中创立的“异化劳动”理论，深刻揭示了资本主义条件下人的生存困境与价值扭曲。在智能化与数字化的新时代，这一经典理论并未过时，反而以“内卷”、“躺平”、“数字囚徒”等新形态，在当代青年群体中呈现出复杂的现实映照。这些现象本质上是青年在劳动过程、劳动成果、类本质及社会关系上遭遇多重异化的行为反射与心理代偿。本文旨在通过重释《手稿》中异化劳动的四重规定性，构建其与当代青年价值观困境的分析框架，剖析青年“泛卷化”生存状态下的精神症候。研究认为，思想政治教育不能停留在现象规训，而应深入到异化批判与人的复归之根本。因此，需以马克思主义劳动观为价值锚点，引导青年超越异化逻辑，通过主体性重建、关系性重构与制度性保障相结合的路径，自觉追求以“自由自觉的活动”为核心的劳动幸福与全面发展，从而实现价值观教育的治本之效。

Abstract: Marx’s theory of “alienated labor”, formulated in the Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, profoundly exposes human existential predicaments and value distortions under capitalism. In the new era of intelligence and digitalization, this classical theory remains relevant. It manifests itself in complex new forms among contemporary youth, such as “involution”, “lying flat”, and “digital prisoners”. Essentially, these phenomena serve as behavioral reflections and psychological compensations when young people face multiple alienations in labor processes, labor products, species-being and social relations. By reinterpreting the four stipulations of alienated labor in the Manuscripts, this paper establishes an analytical framework linking the theory to the value dilemmas of contemporary youth, and dissects the spiritual symptoms amid young people’s generalized involution. The study argues that ideological and political education should go beyond disciplinary regulation of phenomena and target the fundamentals of alienation critique and human emancipation. Therefore, guided by the Marxist view of labor as the value anchor, we should help young people transcend the logic of alienation. Through the integrated approach of rebuilding subjectivity, reconstructing social relations and improving institutional guarantees, youth can consciously pursue labor happiness and all-round development centered on “free and conscious activity”, so as to achieve fundamental effects in values education.