低空物流安全风险全生命周期工程管控体系研究

Research on the Whole-Life-Cycle Engineering Management and Control System for Safety Risks in Low-Altitude Logistics

摘要: 随着低空经济快速发展，无人机末端配送已成为城市立体化物流体系的重要组成部分。“十五五”规划将低空经济定位为“新兴支柱产业”，明确要求提升低空空域管理精细化水平、强化低空飞行安全保障，推动低空经济健康有序发展。作为低空经济的关键应用领域，低空物流加速推进规模化应用，但城市低空复杂空域工况引发的飞行器硬件故障、空域运行冲突、电磁链路干扰、违规飞行运营等多重安全隐患，严重制约产业规模化落地。本文结合UTM低空交通管控工程与空域风险评估技术，依托瑞士奶酪模型、事故致链等经典航空安全理论，从“人、机、环、管、信息”五维框架系统识别低空物流全链条安全风险，深入剖析其形成机理与管理短板，并构建涵盖动态空域规划、智能监管平台赋能、法规标准规范、人员培训与应急保障的全生命周期闭环安全管理体系，以期为低空物流安全运营与行业工程化治理提供参考。

Abstract: With the rapid development of the lowaltitude economy, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) last-mile delivery has become a vital component of urban three-dimensional logistics systems. The 15th Five-Year Plan positions the low-altitude economy as an “emerging pillar industry”, explicitly calling for enhanced refined management of low-altitude airspace, strengthened low-altitude flight safety assurance, and the promotion of healthy and orderly development of the low-altitude economy. As a key application area of this economy, low-altitude logistics is accelerating its large-scale deployment. However, multiple safety risks arising from complex urban low-altitude airspace conditions—such as airborne hardware failures, airspace operational conflicts, electromagnetic link interference, and unauthorized flight operations—seriously hinder the industrial-scale implementation. Drawing on UTM (Unmanned Aircraft System Traffic Management) engineering and airspace risk assessment technologies, and grounded in classic aviation safety theories including the Swiss Cheese Model and the accident chain theory, this paper systematically identifies full-chain safety risks in low-altitude logistics from a five-dimensional framework of “human, machine, environment, management, and information”. It further delves into the underlying formation mechanisms and regulatory deficiencies, and constructs a closed-loop safety management system throughout the full life cycle, encompassing dynamic airspace planning, empowerment by intelligent supervision platforms, regulatory standards and norms, personnel training, and emergency support. This study aims to provide a reference for the safe operation and engineering-oriented governance of low-altitude logistics.