马克思社会存在论的理论内涵与当代价值

The Theoretical Connotations and Contemporary Significance of Marx’s Ontology of Social Being

摘要: “存在”问题是西方哲学的核心议题，传统西方存在论长期以理性、概念与静态思辨把握存在，割裂理论与实践、主体与客体，忽视人的现实生活世界，形成了思辨化、抽象化的理论局限。马克思立足实践哲学立场，突破传统形而上学在批判继承西方传统存在论、清算青年黑格尔派与费尔巴哈旧唯物主义缺陷的基础上，逐步创立并深化了社会存在论。本文系统梳理西方传统存在论从古希腊本体论确立到近代主体性哲学转向的演进脉络，厘清马克思社会存在论从萌芽、创立到深化的完整发展历程，阐释其以实践为本质规定、以社会存在与社会意识辩证关系为核心的理论体系。在此基础上，直面后结构主义、新物质主义的理论挑战与数字资本主义、平台经济的当代现实变革，论证马克思社会存在论的理论科学性与强大当代解释力。研究表明，马克思社会存在论以感性实践活动为基础，为剖析当代社会形态变迁、回应现代性问题提供了坚实的唯物史观分析框架，具备持续的理论生命力与现实指导价值。

Abstract: The question of “being” is a central issue in Western philosophy. Traditional Western ontology has long approached being through rationality, concepts, and static speculation, thereby severing the connection between theory and practice, subject and object, and neglecting people’s lived reality. This has led to theoretical limitations characterized by abstraction and speculation. Standing on the foundation of practical philosophy, Marx broke through traditional metaphysics by critically inheriting Western ontological traditions and addressing the shortcomings of the Young Hegelians and Feuerbach’s old materialism, gradually establishing and deepening his social ontology. This article systematically traces the evolution of traditional Western ontology from its establishment in ancient Greek ontology to the modern turn toward subjectivity, clarifies the complete developmental trajectory of Marx’s social ontology from its emergence and formation to its further elaboration-and elucidates its theoretical framework centered on practice as essential definition and the dialectical relationship between social being and social consciousness. Building upon this foundation, it confronts theoretical challenges posed by post-structuralism and new materialism, as well as contemporary transformations under digital capitalism and platform economies, demonstrating the scientific rigor and strong explanatory power of Marx’s social ontology in the present era. The study shows that grounded in sensory-practical activity, Marx’s social ontology provides a solid historical materialist analytical framework for understanding changes in contemporary social forms and responding to issues of modernity, thus maintaining enduring theoretical vitality and practical relevance.