马克思异化理论视域下大学生“内卷”“躺平”现象的生成机制与思想政治教育回应

The Generation Mechanism of “Involution” and “Lying Flat” among College Students in the Context of Marx’s Alienation Theory and the Ideological-Political Education Response

摘要: 本文以马克思异化理论为分析工具，在明确大学生学习活动不同于雇佣劳动的前提下，借鉴异化劳动理论关于主体与活动成果、活动过程、自身发展及他人关系相分离的分析逻辑，对大学生“内卷”与“躺平”现象进行分析。研究认为，两种现象并非单纯的个体心理问题，而是在社会竞争压力、教育评价机制和个体发展诉求交织作用下形成的青年发展困境。从异化理论视角看，“内卷”体现为劳动目的与主体价值之间的偏离，表现为个体在外部评价体系驱动下陷入重复性竞争；“躺平”则体现为青年面对竞争压力时对异化状态的消极回应。基于此，高校思想政治教育应从价值观塑造、评价机制优化和实践能力培养等方面展开回应，引导大学生重新理解劳动价值，实现个人发展与社会实践的统一。

Abstract: Taking Marx’s alienation theory as its analytical framework, and premised on the clear distinction between college students’ learning activities and wage labor, this paper draws upon the logic of the theory of alienated labor—specifically, the separation of the subject from the products of activity, the process of activity, self-development, and interpersonal relations—to analyze the phenomena of “involution” and “lying flat” among college students. The study finds that these two phenomena are not purely psychological problems at the individual level, but rather a developmental predicament of youth resulting from the interplay of social competition, educational assessment systems, and individual developmental needs. In the light of alienation theory, “involution” reflects a divergence between the ends of labor and the subject’s intrinsic values, manifesting as repetitive competition driven by external evaluative criteria; “lying flat” represents a passive reaction to the alienated condition when young people confront competitive pressures. Accordingly, ideological and political education in universities should respond by reinforcing value orientation, improving evaluation mechanisms, and fostering practical competence, thereby guiding college students to re-examine the meaning of labor and to harmonize personal growth with social engagement.