价值敏感设计面临的规范性困境及其能力进路回应

Normative Dilemmas in Value Sensitive Design and the Capability Approach Response

摘要: 价值敏感设计作为科技伦理的重要规范性框架，强调在技术开发全过程中系统考量人类价值，并通过概念性、实证性与技术性三个阶段的迭代调查推动伦理价值融入技术系统。然而在扩展至人工智能等复杂应用场景时，有学者意识到该框架正逐渐暴露出实践指导不足、缺乏规范性以及由经验事实向伦理规范直接推导所导致的自然主义谬误等结构性困境。为回应这些挑战，纳奥米·雅各布借助玛莎·努斯鲍姆的能力进路理论对价值敏感设计进行了改进，提出“能力敏感设计”。通过引入核心能力清单为价值敏感设计提供规范基础，减少设计者主观立场与价值权衡困境，从而提高其正当性与可实践性。本文认为，能力敏感设计在继承价值敏感设计关注技术–价值关系优势的基础上，通过能力进路所提供的规范基础弥补了其理论不足，为技术设计提供了坚实规范基础与可行实践路径。

Abstract: As an important normative framework in technology ethics, Value Sensitive Design (VSD) emphasizes the systematic consideration of human values throughout the entire process of technological development. Through iterative investigations across conceptual, empirical, and technical stages, VSD seeks to integrate ethical values into technological systems. However, as VSD has been increasingly applied to complex domains such as artificial intelligence, scholars have identified several structural limitations within this framework, including insufficient practical guidance, a lack of normative foundations, and the risk of committing a naturalistic fallacy by directly deriving ethical norms from empirical facts. To address these challenges, Naomi Jacobs draws upon Martha Nussbaum’s capability approach and develops Capability Sensitive Design (CSD) as an extension of VSD. By introducing a list of core capabilities, CSD provides VSD with a normative foundation, reduces designers’ reliance on subjective judgments and arbitrary value trade-offs, and enhances the legitimacy and practical applicability of technology design. This paper argues that, while preserving VSD’s strength in addressing the relationship between technology and human values, CSD overcomes its theoretical limitations by incorporating the normative resources of the capability approach. Consequently, CSD offers a more robust normative foundation and feasible practical pathway for technology design.