离婚损害赔偿制度适用研究

Research on the Application of the Divorce Damage Compensation System

摘要: 离婚损害赔偿制度是婚姻家庭法律体系的重要部分，以《民法典》第1091条为切入点，结合司法实践探讨其演进、实证问题及完善路径。制度演进上，我国从2001年《婚姻法》明确四项法定过错情形，到2021年《民法典》增设“其他重大过错”兜底条款，形成“列举 + 概括”立法模式。实证分析53份判决书发现，法院对离婚损害赔偿请求支持率低，多因证据不足、过错未达标准或原告有过错，且赔偿金额多在5万元以下，存在地域差异，反映出证据认定僵化、裁量尺度不统一等问题。完善路径包括明晰过错事由及赔偿标准，建立量化计算模型；改进证据规则，建立间接证据补强和“类案强制比对”机制；健全社会支持体系，减少婚姻纠纷，助力司法实践平衡婚姻自由与责任约束。

Abstract: The divorce damage compensation system is a crucial component of the marriage and family legal framework. This study takes Article 1091 of the Civil Code as a starting point, combining judicial practice to explore its evolution, empirical issues, and paths for improvement. In terms of institutional evolution, China’s 2001 Marriage Law initially clarified four statutory fault-based scenarios, while the 2021 Civil Code introduced a catch-all provision for “other major faults,” forming a “enumeration + generalization” legislative model. An empirical analysis of 53 court judgments reveals a low success rate for divorce damage compensation claims, often due to insufficient evidence, failure to meet fault standards, or the plaintiff’s own fault. Compensation amounts are mostly below CNY 50,000, with regional disparities reflecting issues such as rigid evidence assessment and inconsistent discretionary standards. Proposed improvements include clarifying fault grounds and compensation criteria, establishing a quantified calculation model, refining evidence rules with reinforced indirect evidence and a “mandatory case comparison” mechanism, and developing a social support system to reduce marital disputes. These measures aim to help judicial practice balance marital freedom and accountability.