汉维口语接触中的借词嵌入与轻动词qil-整合机制研究

A Study on the Integration Mechanism of Loanword Embedding and Light Verb qil- in Chinese-Uyghur Oral Contact

摘要: 维吾尔语作为黏着型SOV语言，在汉维语言接触中形成了独特的汉语动词借用机制。与名词借用不同，动词借用涉及句法位置、形态变化和配价结构，需经受体语言的结构调适。本文基于口语自然语料，在动词借用类型学和轻动词理论框架下，分析维吾尔语口语中两类汉语动词整合机制：“双音节汉语动词 + qil-”与“单音节汉语动词 + le (了) + qil-”。研究发现，汉语动词通过轻动词qil-实现动词化和形态承载，嵌入维吾尔语语法系统。双音节借词可直接进入“借词 + qil-”结构；单音节借词因韵律和句法限制，需借助le构成“借词 + le + qil-”结构。其中le并非保留汉语完成体意义，而是在接触中发生功能再分析，转化为连接借词与轻动词的小品词，承担韵律补足与结构标记功能。音节结构、轻动词系统与小品词功能共同塑造了汉语动词在维吾尔语中的整合路径，体现了受体语言的主动调适能力。本文还结合音系学与句法学标准对le的小品词身份加以论证，并从语法化演变与社会语言学视角探讨其形成动因。

Abstract: Uyghur, as an adhesive SOV language, has formed a unique Chinese verb borrowing mechanism during the Chinese-Uyghur language contact. Different from noun borrowing, verb borrowing involves syntactic position, morphological changes and valence structure, and needs to be adjusted by the structure of the recipient language. Based on spoken natural corpus, and under the framework of verb borrowing typology and light verb theory, this article analyzes two types of Chinese verb integration mechanisms in Uyghur spoken language: “bisyllabic Chinese verb + qil-” and “monosyllabic Chinese verb + le (le) + qil-”. The study found that Chinese verbs are verbified and morphologically loaded through the light verb qil-, which is embedded in the Uyghur grammar system. Two-syllable loanwords can directly enter the “loanword + qil-” structure; single-syllable loanwords need to use le to form the “loanword + le + qil-” structure due to prosody and syntax restrictions. Among them, le does not retain the Chinese perfective meaning, but undergoes functional reanalysis during contact and is transformed into a particle that connects loanwords and light verbs, and assumes the functions of prosodic complement and structural marking. The syllable structure, light verb system and particle function jointly shape the integration path of Chinese verbs in Uyghur, reflecting the active adaptation ability of the recipient language. This paper also applies phonological and syntactic criteria to verify the particle status of le, and discusses its motivations from the perspectives of grammaticalization and sociolinguistics.