乡村振兴背景下农村老龄化应对研究——以权利保障为视角

Research on Responses to Rural Aging in the Context of Rural Revitalization—From the Perspective of Rights Protection

摘要: 在乡村振兴与积极应对人口老龄化双重国家战略交汇的背景下，农村老龄化呈现“城乡倒置”加剧、空巢化与高龄化并行、家庭养老功能持续弱化等显著特征，其实质是农村老年群体在土地、劳动、文化、养老等维度的权益保障面临系统性挑战。本研究引入多中心治理理论作为核心分析框架。以贵州省东北部村庄——L村为案例，通过田野调查，综合运用深度访谈、参与式观察等方法，对农村老龄化应对的困境进行微观实证考察并利用多中心治理中多元主体参与的核心特点，解决农村老龄化带来的困境。据此提出盘活土地资源、激活老年人力资源、创新文化传承机制、构建多元养老服务体系四维领域路径，并指出其有效运行有赖于土地流转契约治理、互助养老权责界定等法律制度的补充完善。研究主张从权益保障视角构建“四维领域路径 + 法治化保障”构成整合性治理框架，推动政策工具与法律制度的有效衔接，为完善农村老年群体权益保障和推进乡村振兴提供参照。

Abstract: Against the backdrop of the convergence of two major national strategies—Rural Revitalization and Active Response to Population Aging—rural aging in China exhibits distinct characteristics: intensifying urban-rural inversion, concurrent empty-nesting and advanced aging, and continuous weakening of the family-based elderly care function. In essence, the protection of rights and interests of rural elderly groups faces systematic challenges across dimensions including land, labor, and cultural elderly care. This study adopts Polycentric Governance Theory as its core analytical framework. Taking Village L, a village in northeastern Guizhou Province, as the case study, it conducts a micro-empirical investigation into the dilemmas of responding to rural aging through field research, comprehensively employing methods such as in-depth interviews and participant observation. It then addresses the challenges posed by rural aging by leveraging the core feature of polycentric governance: multi-stakeholder participation. Accordingly, this paper proposes a four-dimensional path comprising revitalizing land resources, activating elderly human resources, innovating cultural inheritance mechanisms, and building a diversified elderly care service system, and points out that the effective operation of this path relies on the improvement and supplementation of legal systems such as the contractual governance of land transfer and the definition of rights and responsibilities for mutual elderly care. This study advocates constructing from the perspective of rights and interests protection an integrated governance framework composed of the “four-dimensional path + law-based guarantee”, and promoting the effective convergence of policy instruments and legal systems, so as to provide a reference for improving the protection of rural elderly groups’ rights and interests and advancing rural revitalization.