BBNJ协定中海洋遗传资源规范的适用

Application of Marine Genetic Resources Regulations under the BBNJ Agreement

摘要: 《国家管辖范围以外区域海洋生物多样性协定》(BBNJ协定)的通过填补了《联合国海洋法公约》关于国家管辖范围以外区域海洋遗传资源法律规制的制度空白，标志着国际海洋法由传统海洋资源开发利用向海洋生物多样性保护和全球治理转型。海洋遗传资源作为BBNJ协定四大议题中争议最为集中的内容，其制度设计体现了公海自由原则与人类共同继承财产原则之间的协调与平衡。协定最终采用以活动为中心的规制模式，通过信息通报、数字序列信息管理以及货币与非货币惠益分享制度，在保障海洋科学研究自由的同时实现国际利益共享。然而，现行制度在数字序列信息监管、商业化利用追踪及惠益分享实施等方面仍存在进一步完善空间。我国应以履行BBNJ协定义务为契机，加快完善国内海洋法律制度，健全海洋遗传资源监管体系，完善国际规则参与及国内履约衔接机制，提高我国参与相关国际规则制定与实施的专业能力。

Abstract: The adoption of the BBNJ Agreement fills a regulatory gap concerning marine genetic resources in areas beyond national jurisdiction and marks a shift in international law of the sea from resource utilization toward marine biodiversity conservation and global governance. As a central and contested issue, marine genetic resources reflect a balance between the freedom of the high seas and the common heritage of mankind principle. The Agreement adopts an activity-centered regulatory model, using notification, digital sequence information management, and monetary and non-monetary benefit-sharing mechanisms to balance marine scientific research and international benefit sharing. However, challenges remain in digital sequence information oversight, commercial-use tracking, and benefit-sharing implementation. China should improve its domestic marine legal system and regulatory framework, strengthen coordination between international obligations and domestic implementation, and enhance its participation in relevant international rule-making and implementation.