马克思“世界”概念的历史生成及其时间向度

The Historical Genesis and Temporal Dimension of Marx’s Concept of the “World”

摘要: 马克思的“世界”并非先在的地理空间，而是由感性实践与普遍交往历史地生成的关系总体，“世界历史”构成其时间向度。针对既有研究将“世界”静态化、“世界历史”单向化的局限，本文以历史生成的进路重释二者关系：“世界”范畴由形而上学实体转向社会关系总体，经过分工深化、交往媒介变革与需要体系普遍化三重机制，由潜在总体转为现实总体；资本以“用时间消灭空间”的方式中介这一生成，时空互构同时展开为时空对抗，凝结为依附与发展赤字、代谢断裂与生态危机、物化与智力剥夺三重结构性危机；其扬弃有赖于无产阶级的世界历史性联合、多元开放的历史路径与作为调节性理念的“自由王国”。实现“世界”与“世界历史”的统一，是每一代人需重新思考并付诸实践的开放性任务。

Abstract: For Marx, the “world” is not a pre-given geographical space but a totality of social relations historically generated through sensuous practice and universal intercourse, with “world history” constituting its temporal dimension. Addressing existing studies’ static treatment of the “world” and unilinear reading of “world history,” this article reinterprets their relationship through a genetic approach: the category of the “world” turned from a metaphysical substance into a totality of social relations and, driven by the deepening division of labor, the transformation of means of intercourse, and the universalization of the system of needs, developed from a potential into an actual totality. Capital mediates this genesis by “annihilating space with time,” whereby spatio-temporal interconstruction unfolds as spatio-temporal antagonism, crystallizing into three structural crises: dependency and the development deficit, metabolic rift and ecological crisis, and reification and intellectual expropriation. The sublation of this alienated world depends upon the world-historical association of the proletariat, plural and open historical paths, and the “realm of freedom” as a regulative idea. The unity of the “world” and “world history” thus remains an open-ended task that every generation must rethink and put into practice.