近10年全国千万级机场冰雹天气特征

Characteristics of Hail Weather at Major Airports in China over the Past Decade

摘要: 目的：基于2016~2025年全国千万级机场民航气象观测资料，分析近10年冰雹天气在机场区域的发生频次、时间分布、空间分布及强度特征，为复杂天气条件下的机场运行保障和强对流风险识别提供依据。方法：以40个千万级机场的机场例行天气报告(METAR)、机场特殊天气报告(SPECI)及月总簿观测记录为资料基础，检索含GR的天气现象代码，并将同一机场3小时内连续或间断出现的冰雹观测合并为一次冰雹天气事件。结果：2016~2025年共识别45次冰雹天气，分布在20个机场，年平均约4.5次；5月和8月频次较高，18~24时为高发时段；42次具有起止时间记录的事件持续2~42分钟，平均12.2分钟；有直径记录的20次事件冰雹直径为5~40 mm，平均10.3 mm。结论：千万级机场冰雹天气总体频次不高，但年际差异、短时突发性和区域离散性明显，机场运行保障中应加强春夏季及傍晚前后的强对流监测，结合雷达、自动观测和短临预警，提前做好机坪作业调整和航空器防护。

Abstract: Objective: Based on civil aviation meteorological observations at major airports in China from 2016 to 2025, this study analyzes the occurrence frequency, temporal distribution, spatial distribution and intensity characteristics of hail weather over the past decade, so as to support airport operation under complex weather conditions and the identification of severe convective risks. Methods: Using METAR, SPECI and monthly observation-book records from 40 major airports, weather phenomena containing the code GR were retrieved from the original reports, and multiple hail observations at the same airport within three hours were merged into one hail weather event. Results: A total of 45 hail events were identified during 2016~2025, involving 20 airports, with a mean annual frequency of about 4.5 events; frequency was higher in May and August, and 18:00~24:00 was the high-occurrence period; for the 42 events with recorded start and end times, duration ranged from 2 to 42 minutes, averaging 12.2 minutes; for the 20 events with diameter records, hailstone diameter ranged from 5 to 40 mm, averaging 10.3 mm. Conclusion: Overall, hail weather at major airports is infrequent, but it shows clear interannual variability, short-duration sudden onset, and regional dispersion. Airport operational support should therefore strengthen convective weather monitoring in spring and summer and around evening hours, and use radar, automatic observations, and nowcasting warnings to prepare apron operation adjustments and aircraft protection in advance.