辽宁地区新石器时代聚落遗址分布对全新世自然环境的响应研究

Response of Neolithic Settlement Site Distribution to Holocene Natural Environmental Change in the Liaoning Region

摘要: 全新世气候、植被、地貌及海平面变化是制约史前聚落选址与生业方式的重要环境背景。本文整理辽宁文化区12处高分辨率孢粉、磁化率、植硅体及石笋δ¹³C记录，结合数字地形分析与海平面资料，并将查海、牛河梁、新乐、偏堡、小珠山等典型遗址文化层剖面与邻近自然剖面对比，探讨该区新石器时代人地关系的演变。结果表明：(1) 三区气候演变有别，辽西区约6 ka BP由暖湿转向干凉，辽东区北部以6.7、5.5 ka BP为界转向凉干、2.2 ka BP后回暖，辽东区南部中期暖湿、晚期冷干。(2) 植被均呈多阶段演替，辽西区早期和晚期以疏林草原为主。(3) 辽西区遗址集中于高程200~500 m山地丘陵，辽东区北部高程渐低，辽东区南部90%以上遗址位于100 m以下滨海低地；坡向选择性不显著，河网密度显示遗址呈现“中期在低密度区聚集，晚期向高密度区迁移”的分布特征，辽东区南部沿海区域人地关系模式对海平面变化敏感度高于辽西内陆区。(4) 暖湿与资源富集期多伴随遗址增长与文化繁荣，气候冷干及海平面下降则常与遗址减少、文化衰落或迁移相伴。

Abstract: Holocene changes in climate, vegetation, geomorphology and sea level formed the environmental context constraining prehistoric settlement location and subsistence strategies. This study compiles twelve high-resolution records of pollen, magnetic susceptibility, phytoliths and stalagmite δ¹³C from the Liaoning cultural zones, integrates them with digital terrain analysis and sea-level data, and compares the cultural-layer profiles of representative sites such as Chahai, Niuheliang, Xinle, Pianbao and Xiaozhushan with adjacent natural sections, in order to examine how human-land relationships evolved in this region during the Neolithic. The results show that (1) climatic trajectories differed among the three zones, with Liaoxi shifting from warm-humid to cool-dry at about 6 ka BP, northern Liaodong turning cool-dry at 6.7 and 5.5 ka BP and warming again after 2.2 ka BP, and southern Liaodong being warm-humid in the middle Holocene and cold-dry in the late Holocene; (2) vegetation underwent multi-stage succession, with forest-steppe dominating the early and late phases in Liaoxi; (3) Settlement sites in Liaoxi were concentrated at elevations of 200~500 m, elevations of sites in northern Liaodong gradually decreased through time, and over 90% of sites in southern Liaodong were located in coastal lowlands below 100 m. Slope aspect showed limited influence on settlement distribution, while sites clustered in low river network density areas during the middle period and shifted toward high-density areas in the late period. Coastal human-environment systems in southern Liaodong exhibited higher sensitivity to sea-level changes than inland systems in Liaoxi; (4) warm-humid intervals coincided with cultural florescence, whereas cooling, drying and sea-level fall accompanied cultural decline or migration.