预制菜电商交易中标签信息不对称的规制——以消费者知情权的义务配置为中心

Legal Regulation of Information Asymmetry in Pre-Made Food Labeling under E-Commerce Transactions—Centered on the Allocation of Obligations for Consumers’ Right to Know

摘要: 预制菜电商交易中，标签信息不对称成为制约产业高质量发展、侵害消费者知情权的核心症结。本文融合消费经济学与法学双视角，依托信息不对称理论、市场失灵理论及《中华人民共和国消费者权益保护法》知情权框架，以多份行政处罚与司法裁判文书为实证样本，归纳出配料表标注不实、生产日期缺失、餐饮属性未明示、产地信息虚假四类标签违规行为，揭示其背后规范适用冲突、基层执法衔接不畅、企业成本收益失衡、司法举证与救济不畅的四重形成机理。研究提出构建“强制披露 + 自愿认证”双层标签体系、统一执法监管标准、搭建成本收益平衡的经济激励机制、优化司法救济路径的四位一体治理体系，通过法律与经济协同破解标签信息不对称难题，实现消费者知情权保护与预制菜产业高质量发展的双向协同。

Abstract: In e-commerce transactions of pre-made food, information asymmetry in labels has become a core factor restricting high-quality industrial development and infringing on consumers’ right to know. Integrating the dual perspectives of consumer economics and law, relying on the information asymmetry theory, market failure theory and the right to know framework of Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of Consumer Rights and Interests, this paper takes many administrative penalty and judicial documents as empirical samples, and summarizes four types of label violations: inaccurate labeling of ingredient lists, missing production dates, failure to indicate pre-made attributes in the catering sector, and false origin information. It reveals the four underlying mechanisms: conflicts in the application of norms, poor connection of grass-roots law enforcement, unbalanced costs and benefits of enterprises, and inconvenient judicial proof and relief. The study proposes a four-in-one governance system including constructing a dual-layer label system of “mandatory disclosure + voluntary certification”, unifying law enforcement and supervision standards, building an economic incentive mechanism with balanced costs and benefits, and optimizing the judicial relief path. Through the coordination of law and economy, it solves the problem of information asymmetry in labels, and realizes the two-way coordination between the protection of consumers’ right to know and the high-quality development of the pre-made food industry.