老年灵活就业者养老金参与困境与优化路径

Factors Influencing Pension Participation among Older Flexible Workers and Optimization Strategies

摘要: 随着我国人口老龄化加速和传统就业模式的改变，我国60岁及以上人口已突破3.23亿，其中大量老年人选择继续从事灵活就业。与中青年灵活就业者不同，老年灵活就业者面临“收入递减、时间紧迫、健康损耗”的三重特殊困境。本文依据生命周期理论、行为经济学理论和风险分担理论，从经济能力约束、认知与行为偏差和养老金产品与需求匹配不足三个维度，系统分析老年灵活就业者养老金参与度偏低的原因，并提出分段递减缴费标准、弹性缴费窗口、“快速待遇”机制、保本承诺及微型年金产品等优化建议，兼顾缴费端的负担分摊、待遇端的支付节奏以及补贴资金的配置效率，力求在提升保障水平的同时维持财务可持续性，为提升这一群体的养老金保障水平提供参考。

Abstract: With the acceleration of population aging in China and the transformation of traditional employment patterns. China’s population aged 60 and above has exceeded 323 million, and a large number of older adults continue to engage in flexible employment. Unlike their younger counterparts, older flexible workers face a triple dilemma: declining income, time urgency, and health depletion. Drawing on life cycle theory, behavioral economics theory, and risk-sharing theory, this paper systematically analyzes the reasons for low pension participation among older flexible workers from three dimensions: economic capacity constraints, cognitive and behavioral biases, and insufficient alignment between pension products and actual demand. It proposes optimization measures such as phased declining contribution rates, flexible contribution windows, a “fast-track benefit” mechanism, principal guarantee, and micro-annuity products. These measures aim to balance the distribution of contribution burdens on the contribution side, the payment timing of benefits on the benefit side, and the allocation efficiency of subsidy funds, striving to enhance pension security while maintaining financial sustainability, thereby providing a reference for improving the pension protection of this demographic.