马克思主义社会观视域下积极老龄化的社会建构与实践路径研究

Research on the Social Construction and Practical Pathways of Active Aging from the Perspective of Marxist View of Society

摘要: 人口老龄化是我国的基本国情，但长期被置于“负担”的话语框架中，其作为社会历史过程的本质因而被遮蔽。以马克思主义社会观为理论基础，批判传统老龄化研究将老年人口预设为“社会负担”的意识形态性质，并从观念转型、制度建构、实践整合三个维度探讨积极老龄化的实现路径。研究发现：老龄化被感知为“问题”的根源不在于老年人口规模扩大，而在于现有社会关系结构缺乏容纳庞大老年人口的弹性；老年人被视为“负担”还是“资源”，取决于特定历史阶段的生产方式和分配方式。积极老龄化的本质是一场深层的社会建构，目标是推动老龄化话语从“社会负担”向“社会资源”的范式转换，提升老年人的社会主体性。在“未富先老”的国情下，构建中国自主的老龄化知识体系，将积极老龄化的社会建构与中国式现代化探索有机结合。

Abstract: Population aging is a fundamental national condition of China, yet it has long been framed within a discourse of “burden”, which obscures its essential nature as a socio-historical process. Grounded in the Marxist view of society, this study critically examines the ideological underpinnings of traditional aging research that presumes the elderly population as a “social burden”, and explores the pathways to active aging from three dimensions: conceptual transformation, institutional construction, and practical integration. The findings reveal that the perception of aging as a “problem” does not originate from the expansion of the elderly population per se, but from the lack of flexibility in existing social relational structures to accommodate such a population. Whether the elderly are perceived as a “burden” or a “resource” depends on the modes of production and distribution at specific historical stages. The essence of active aging lies in a deep process of social construction aimed at facilitating a paradigm shift in aging discourse from “social burden” to “social resource”, thereby enhancing the social subjectivity of the elderly. Under the national condition of “getting old before getting rich”, it is necessary to construct an indigenous Chinese knowledge system on aging and organically integrate the social construction of active aging with the exploration of Chinese-style modernization.