“以地养老”与“时间银行”的资源配置比较及其在农村养老中的结合路径

A Comparative Study of Resource Allocation between “Land-Based Elderly Care” and “Time Banking” and Their Integration Path in Rural Elderly Care

摘要: 农村人口老龄化加剧背景下，传统家庭养老功能弱化，制度养老供给不足。“时间银行”与“以地养老”作为两种创新性互助养老模式，在资源配置逻辑上各有侧重且具互补性。本文从资源配置视角出发，系统比较二者的交换媒介、资源来源、运行机制、适用人群及风险特征，并探索其结合路径。研究发现：时间银行以时间币激活老年人力资本，依赖社区互惠；以地养老以土地使用权盘活闲置土地，依赖土地制度与代际关系。二者的融合需以土地流转收益为资金纽带，通过土地收益定向支付 + 时间币优先消费机制实现联动，具体路径包括土地流转收益定向支付注入服务结算资金、时间币优先消费机制、以及集体经济组织作为支付结算枢纽。结合模式既能降低时间银行对纯志愿服务的依赖，又能盘活农村闲置土地资源，但必须严守农民自愿原则，防范强制退出和时间币贬值风险。本文为完善农村养老服务体系提供了新的理论视角与可操作方案。

Abstract: Against the backdrop of accelerating rural population aging, traditional family-based elderly care has weakened while institutional care supply remains insufficient. “Time banking” and “land-based elderly care”, as two innovative mutual aid models, differ in resource allocation logic yet exhibit strong complementarity. From the perspective of resource allocation, this paper systematically compares the two models in terms of exchange medium, resource source, operation mechanism, target population, and risk characteristics, and explores their integration pathways. The findings indicate that time banking activates older adult human capital through time credits relying on community reciprocity, whereas land-based elderly care revitalizes idle land through land use rights depending on land institutions and intergenerational relations. Their integration should be mediated by land transfer income as a financial link, achieving synergy through a mechanism of earmarked land income payment + time-credit priority consumption. The specific pathways include using earmarked land transfer income to inject funds into service settlement, establishing a time-credit priority consumption mechanism, and leveraging collective economic organizations as payment and settlement hubs. The integrated model can both reduce time banking’s reliance on pure volunteer services and revitalize idle rural land resources, while strictly adhering to the principle of farmer voluntariness and preventing forced land withdrawal and time-credit depreciation risks. This study provides a new theoretical perspective and actionable pathways for improving the rural elderly care service system.