人口老龄化背景下延迟婚育对家庭代际关系重构的影响机制研究

A Study on the Impact Mechanism of Postponing Marriage and Childbearing on the Restructuring of Intergenerational Family Relationships in the Context of Population Aging

摘要: 当前，中国正处于人口老龄化持续深化与婚育模式深刻变迁并行发展的阶段。随着受教育水平提高、就业竞争加剧以及婚育观念转变，延迟婚育逐渐成为青年群体普遍的婚育选择，并与人口老龄化相互叠加，共同影响家庭结构和家庭关系的发展。在此背景下，传统“抚养–独立–赡养”的代际关系运行模式发生调整，家庭代际关系呈现出代际支持长期化、情感联结强化、互动方式协商化以及责任关系双向化等新特征，逐步由阶段性、单向性的传统模式向持续性、协商性和双向互动模式转变。本文立足家庭社会学视角，运用家庭现代化理论、个体化理论和代际团结理论，对人口老龄化背景下延迟婚育推动家庭代际关系重构的主要表现、形成逻辑及现实影响进行分析。研究认为，青年社会角色转换延迟、社会风险压力上升、家庭现代化发展以及传统家庭文化的持续作用，共同推动了这一重构过程。这一过程在强化家庭支持功能和代际凝聚力的同时，也带来家庭责任延伸、资源压力增加以及代际协调难度上升等现实挑战。总体而言，家庭代际关系重构既是人口老龄化与延迟婚育交织背景下中国家庭适应社会变迁的重要表现，也是观察当代家庭发展转型的重要视角。

Abstract: Currently, China is in a stage characterized by the concurrent deepening of population aging and profound transformations in marriage and fertility patterns. With rising education levels, intensifying employment competition, and shifting attitudes toward marriage and childbearing, delayed marriage and childbearing have gradually become a common choice among young people, interacting with population aging to jointly influence the development of family structures and relationships. Against this backdrop, the traditional intergenerational relationship model of “raising-independence-support” has undergone adjustments, giving way to new features such as prolonged generational support, strengthened emotional bonds, negotiated interaction patterns, and bidirectional responsibility relationships, evolving from a phased, unidirectional traditional model to a continuous, negotiated, and interactive one. From a family sociology perspective, this paper employs theories of family modernization, individualization, and intergenerational solidarity to analyze the key manifestations, underlying logic, and practical impacts of delayed marriage and childbearing in reshaping intergenerational family relationships amid population aging. The study concludes that delayed social role transitions among youth, escalating social risk pressures, advancements in family modernization, and the enduring influence of traditional family culture collectively drive this transformation process. While enhancing family support functions and intergenerational cohesion, this process also brings practical challenges such as extended family responsibilities, increased resource pressures, and heightened difficulties in intergenerational coordination. Overall, the restructuring of intergenerational family relationships not only reflects how Chinese families adapt to societal changes under the intertwined context of population aging and delayed marriage and childbearing but also serves as a crucial lens for examining contemporary family development transformations.