从“养老负担”到“银发红利”——老年人社会参与的形态变迁与社会建构

From “Pension Burden” to “Silver Dividend”—Morphological Changes and Social Construction of the Elderly’s Social Participation

摘要: 我国老龄化程度持续加深，“养老负担”的刻板标签长期束缚老龄人力资源开发，加大社会治理压力。老年群体的价值定位是制度、舆论与场景共同塑造的结果，社会参与是推动“养老负担”向“银发红利”转型的核心纽带。本文以社会建构论为分析框架，从历史、现实、实践三方面展开研究：梳理老年人社会参与的阶段性演变，解读负担标签的形成逻辑；分层阐释价值转化机理，指出认知偏见、制度缺失、场域受限、群体分化等现实问题；依托社会建构思路，提出认知、制度、阵地、协同四维优化策略。研究发现，养老负担与银发红利是老年群体在不同社会环境下的两种形态。破除年龄污名、健全参与体系，能够充分释放老年群体多元价值，为推进积极应对人口老龄化国家战略提供参考。

Abstract: With the deepening of population aging in China, the stereotype of the elderly as a “pension burden” has long hindered the exploitation of elderly human resources and increased the pressure of social governance. The value orientation of the elderly is shaped jointly by institutions, public opinions and practical scenarios, and social participation acts as the core link to transform “pension burden” into “silver dividend”. Based on social construction theory, this paper conducts research from historical, realistic and practical perspectives. It sorts out the staged evolution of the elderly’s social participation and interprets the formation logic of the burden stereotype, explains the mechanism of value transformation, and identifies practical problems including cognitive prejudice, institutional deficiency, insufficient participation fields and group differentiation. From the perspective of social construction, this paper puts forward optimization strategies in four dimensions: cognition, institution, platform and coordination. The study reveals that pension burden and silver dividend are two manifestations of the elderly group under different social circumstances. Eliminating age stigma and improving the participation system can fully tap the diverse values of the elderly and provide references for implementing the active aging strategy.