中国老年群体心理健康研究综述——基于焦虑问题视角

A Review of the Research on Mental Health of the Elderly in China—Based on the Perspective of Anxiety

摘要: 我国中度老龄化格局持续深化，老年人口总量持续扩张，老年群体心理健康治理成为健康中国、基层养老服务体系建设的核心议题。焦虑作为老年群体最普遍的负性心理表征，细分为慢性病健康焦虑、数字技术焦虑两大类型，多重焦虑交织显著降低老年人生活质量，加重家庭照护与社区公共服务压力。本文系统梳理老年心理健康、老年焦虑相关概念与本土理论框架，从老年心理健康整体特征、老年焦虑多维诱因、身心交互机制、家庭与社会支持缓冲作用、社区实务干预体系五大维度系统归纳现有实证成果。在此基础上，进一步从研究范式、测量方式和证据解释三个层面对现有成果进行批判性分析。研究发现，当前国内研究主要依赖横断面调查、二手数据库分析及小样本干预研究，能够较好识别老年焦虑的相关因素，但在因果机制识别、情境化测量和研究结论外推方面仍存在局限。因此，未来应加强纵向研究和混合研究方法，完善本土化、情境化测量，并通过群体异质性识别推动老年心理健康研究由一般性描述向精准解释和分类治理转变。

Abstract: China’s moderate aging pattern continues to deepen, the total elderly population continues to expand, and the mental health governance of the elderly population has become a core issue in the construction of a healthy China and grassroots pension service system. As the most common negative psychological representation of the elderly group, anxiety is subdivided into two types: chronic disease health anxiety and digital technology anxiety. The interweaving of multiple anxiety significantly reduces the quality of life of the elderly and aggravates the pressure of family care and community public services. This paper systematically combs the related concepts of elderly mental health and elderly anxiety and the local theoretical framework, and systematically summarizes the existing empirical results from the five dimensions of the overall characteristics of elderly mental health, the multi-dimensional causes of elderly anxiety, the physical and mental interaction mechanism, the buffering effect of family and social support, and the community practice intervention system. On this basis, the existing achievements are further critically analyzed from three aspects: research paradigm, measurement method and evidence interpretation. It is found that the current domestic research mainly relies on cross-sectional survey, second-hand database analysis and small sample intervention research, which can better identify the related factors of anxiety in the elderly, but there are still limitations in causal mechanism identification, situational measurement and research conclusion extrapolation. Therefore, in the future, longitudinal research and mixed research methods should be strengthened, localized and contextualized measurement should be improved, and the research on mental health of the elderly should be promoted from general description to accurate interpretation and classified governance through group heterogeneity identification.