网络工程技术赋能高速铁路建设低碳管理的研究进展与展望

Research Progress and Prospects of Network Engineering Technologies Empowering Low-Carbon Management in High-Speed Railway Construction

摘要: 在“双碳”目标、交通强国和数字交通建设持续推进的背景下，高速铁路工程管理正由传统的质量、进度与成本控制，向兼顾能源利用效率、资源节约和碳排放约束的全过程低碳管理转变。高速铁路建设具有线路跨度大、工点分散、施工机械和临时用能种类多、材料供应链长以及参建主体复杂等特点，传统依赖人工填报和阶段汇总的管理方式难以支撑碳数据的实时采集、准确核算与动态优化。本文以高速铁路建设阶段为主要边界，系统梳理建筑材料生产与运输、施工机械、临时用电、土建结构和废弃物处置等碳排放研究进展，重点综述物联网、无线传感器网络、5G/5G-R、低功耗广域网、边缘计算、云计算、软件定义网络、BIM、数字孪生和网络安全等网络工程技术在低碳管理中的应用。在此基础上，横向比较5G/5G-R、NB-IoT、LoRaWAN、Wi-Fi 6/6E以及光纤/工业以太网的成本、功耗、部署难度、可靠性与典型应用边界，并针对隧道、桥梁和梁场等场景提出组合选型建议。进一步提出由感知层、网络层、边缘计算层、平台层和应用层构成的融合架构，并从技术、经济和管理三个层面系统分析工程落地挑战，讨论全寿命周期成本、投资回报、合同能源管理、平台服务化以及跨组织数据治理与激励机制。综述表明，网络工程能够将分散的能源、材料、设备和工程量数据转化为可计算、可追溯和可决策的碳数据，但其规模化应用仍取决于通信技术的场景适配、经济可行性与组织协同能力。未来应加强碳数据标准体系、云边端协同、数字孪生与人工智能融合、绿色网络及可信碳数据管理研究，为高速铁路建设主体开展精细化低碳管理提供技术与管理参考。

Abstract: Driven by China’s “carbon-peaking and carbon-neutrality” goals, the development of a strong transportation system, and the digital transformation of transport infrastructure, high-speed railway construction management is shifting from conventional control of quality, schedule and cost toward process-oriented low-carbon management that takes into account energy efficiency, resource conservation, and carbon emission constraints. High-speed railway projects feature long corridors, dispersed work sites, diverse equipment, large temporary energy demand, long material supply chains and multiple stakeholders, making the traditional management approach relying on manual reporting and stage-by-stage summary insufficient for real-time acquisition, accurate calculation, and dynamic optimization of carbon data. Focusing on the construction stage, this review summarizes carbon emissions from material production and transportation, construction machinery, temporary electricity, civil works and waste treatment, and reviews the applications of the Internet of Things, wireless sensor networks, 5G/5G-R, low-power wide-area networks, edge and cloud computing, software-defined networking, BIM, digital twins and cybersecurity. A dedicated comparative analysis is further conducted for 5G/5G-R, NB-IoT, LoRaWAN, Wi-Fi 6/6E and fiber/industrial Ethernet in terms of cost, power consumption, deployment difficulty, reliability and application boundaries, with scenario-specific recommendations for tunnels, bridges and precast yards. A five-layer architecture comprising perception, networking, edge computing, platform and application layers is proposed. The implementation challenges are then examined from technical, economic and managerial perspectives, including life-cycle cost, return on investment, energy-performance contracting, platform-as-a-service models, cross-organizational data governance and incentive mechanisms. The review indicates that network engineering can transform fragmented energy, material, equipment and quantity data into computable, traceable and actionable carbon information, but large-scale deployment depends on scenario-appropriate communications, economic feasibility and organizational coordination. Future research should strengthen carbon-data standardization, cloud-edge-end collaboration, the integration of digital twins and artificial intelligence, green networking, and trusted carbon-data management, thereby providing technical and managerial guidance for stakeholders to implement refined low-carbon management in high-speed railway construction.