机构养老服务的社会分层与福利供给研究

Research on Social Stratification and Welfare Supply of Institutional Pension Service

摘要: 随着人口老龄化加深，机构养老成为我国养老服务体系的重要支撑。然而，在市场化与社会化发展过程中，机构养老资源分配呈现出明显的阶层、城乡与群体分化，社会分层特征日益凸显，福利公平性问题愈发突出。本文从社会公平视角出发，依托社会分层、福利多元主义与公平正义理论，梳理机构养老的社会分层表征，并从经济资本、制度安排、社会排斥及供需适配角度剖析其形成机制。研究归纳出准入公平不足、多元主体责任失衡、精神与尊严保障缺失等现实困境，并提出健全分层分类供给制度、规范市场与社会参与、强化老年尊严保障与社会融入等优化路径，旨在推动基本养老服务均等化，为构建公平普惠、人文暖心的现代化机构养老服务体系提供理论与实践的参考。

Abstract: With the deepening of population aging, institutional elderly care has become a key pillar of China’s elderly service system. However, amid marketization and socialization, the allocation of institutional elderly care resources shows obvious stratification across social classes, urban and rural areas, and groups, with prominent social stratification and growing problems in welfare equity. From the perspective of social equity, this paper adopts social stratification theory, welfare pluralism theory and justice theory to sort out the stratification characteristics of institutional elderly care, and analyzes its formation mechanism from economic capital, institutional arrangement, social exclusion and supply-demand adaptation. It summarizes practical dilemmas including insufficient access equity, unbalanced responsibilities of multiple subjects, and lack of spiritual and dignity guarantee. Corresponding optimization paths are proposed to promote the equalization of basic elderly care services, and provide theoretical and practical references for building a fair, inclusive and humanistic modern institutional elderly care system.