乡村振兴背景下农村互助养老的治理困境与破解路径

Governance Dilemmas and Solution Paths of Rural Mutual-Aid Elderly Care in the Context of Rural Revitalization

摘要: 在乡村振兴战略深入推进与农村人口老龄化程度持续加深的双重背景下，农村互助养老作为一种低成本、广覆盖、本土化的新型养老方式，已成为破解农村养老困局的重要路径。然而，政策的密集出台与实践的多元探索并未使互助养老走上坦途，其发展仍面临参与主体弱化、信任基础松动、制度供给失当和资源保障薄弱等多重治理困境。本文在乡村振兴的分析框架下，借鉴马克思共同体思想的理论资源，系统诊断了这些困境的具体表征，并从传统互助关系瓦解与新型互助机制缺位的矛盾出发，揭示了困境的深层成因。研究认为，破解互助养老困局的关键在于推动外部制度供给与乡村内生秩序形成良性互动，通过夯实互助关系的社会基础、激活内生动力与优化制度供给并重、因地制宜选择推动模式、强化资源保障与多元主体协同等路径，推动农村互助养老从形式化运作走向实质性发展，为乡村振兴战略的全面实施提供坚实的民生支撑。

Abstract: Against the dual backdrop of the deepening implementation of the rural revitalization strategy and the increasingly severe aging of the rural population, rural mutual-aid elderly care, as a new model characterized by low cost, wide coverage, and localization, has become an important pathway to solving the rural elderly care dilemma. However, the intensive introduction of policies and diverse practical explorations have not enabled mutual-aid elderly care to advance smoothly. Its development still confronts multiple governance dilemmas, including the weakening of participant engagement, the erosion of trust, inadequate institutional supply, and insufficient resource guarantees. Within the analytical framework of rural revitalization and drawing on the theoretical resources of Marx’s thought on community, this paper systematically diagnoses the specific manifestations of these dilemmas, and reveals their underlying causes starting from the contradiction between the disintegration of traditional mutual-aid relationships and the absence of new mutual-aid mechanisms. The study argues that the key to resolving the predicament of mutual-aid elderly care lies in fostering positive interaction between external institutional supply and the endogenous order of rural communities. By consolidating the social foundation of mutual-aid relationships, simultaneously activating endogenous momentum and optimizing institutional supply, selecting promotion models tailored to local conditions, and strengthening resource guarantees and multi-stakeholder coordination, rural mutual-aid elderly care can be advanced from formalistic operation to substantive development, thereby providing solid support for the well-being of rural residents in the comprehensive implementation of the rural revitalization strategy.