社会变迁视阈下老龄化家庭养老功能的重构研究

Research on the Reconstruction of Elderly Care Function in Aging Families from the Perspective of Social Change

摘要: 在人口老龄化持续深化、家庭结构深刻转型与社会快速变迁的时代背景下，传统以家庭为核心载体的养老功能正遭遇结构性困境。家庭规模小型化、人口流动常态化与女性就业普遍化，共同削弱了家庭养老的支撑能力与供给效能。与之相对，养老服务需求已从传统生活照料逐步拓展至综合性权益保障等领域，其权利属性与义务边界亟待制度性回应，而供需之间的结构性张力，不仅是经济与社会议题，更内嵌着代际契约的权责分配与公共规约的正当性追问，成为推动家庭养老功能重构的重要社会动因。本文立足社会变迁视角，系统梳理老龄化进程中家庭养老功能的社会定位及其演进轨迹，剖析现有养老体系在适配功能重构需求时存在的现实短板，尤其关注既有制度安排在责任归属与权益衔接上的模糊地带。基于此，以家庭支持政策夯实基础养老功能，以社会化服务规范提升养老供给质量，同时，在法律确认的自主权基础上尊重并保障老年人的自主选择权，构建多元主体协同治理机制，在制度框架内厘清家庭自治与国家干预的各自边界与互动逻辑，从而系统应对人口老龄化挑战。

Abstract: Against the backdrop of deepening population aging, profound transformations in family structures, and rapid social change, the traditional family-centered elderly care function is encountering structural predicaments. The shrinking size of families, the normalization of population mobility, and the widespread participation of women in the labor force have collectively weakened the supportive capacity and supply efficiency of family-based elderly care. In response, the demand for elderly care services has expanded from conventional daily living assistance to encompass comprehensive rights protection and other domains, whose entitlement attributes and obligation boundaries urgently call for institutional responses. The structural tension between supply and demand is not merely an economic and social issue but also embeds questions concerning the allocation of rights and responsibilities under intergenerational covenants and the legitimacy of public regulations, thereby serving as a major social driver for the functional restructuring of family elderly care. From the perspective of social change, this paper systematically reviews the social positioning and evolutionary trajectory of family elderly care functions amidst the aging process, analyzes the practical deficiencies of the existing elderly care system in accommodating the needs of functional restructuring, with particular attention to ambiguous areas in the current institutional arrangements regarding responsibility attribution and rights articulation. On this basis, the paper proposes to consolidate foundational elderly care functions through family support policies, enhance the quality of elderly care supply via standardized socialized services, and, while respecting and safeguarding the elderly’s autonomous choice rights on the basis of legally recognized autonomy, establish a collaborative governance mechanism involving multiple stakeholders. Within the institutional framework, it clarifies the respective boundaries and interactive logic between family self-governance and state intervention, thereby systematically addressing the challenges posed by population aging.