现代汉语“来/去 + VP”构式的类型化研究——构式分类的多维判定标准框架

A Typological Study of “Lai/Qu + VP” Constructions in Modern Chinese—A Multidimensional Diagnostic Framework for Constructional Classification

摘要: 现代汉语趋向动词“来/去”进入动词前项后，可以形成多种表层形式相近而功能不同的“来/去 + VP”结构。既有研究已从意志、目的、行为主动性、话者领域和连接功能等角度解释相关现象，但这些观察多分散于不同格式和不同用法之中。本文以CCL语料库近现代汉语材料为依据，在“来/去”各500例抽样分析的基础上，讨论区分“来/去 + VP”不同构式所需的判定标准。文章认为，空间移动性、直示视点制约、事件体貌性、句法扩展性与附加成分共现、主语人称限制五项指标可以共同构成一个多维判定框架。该框架显示，“来/去 + VP”的不同用法并非仅由词义虚化程度决定，而是在空间语义、认知参照、事件状态和形式分布的组合中形成相对稳定的构式边界。

Abstract: In Modern Chinese, “lai and qu” occur before verbal phrases and form a range of “lai/qu + VP” patterns whose surface form is similar but whose functions differ. Previous studies have discussed these patterns in terms of volition, purpose, agentivity, speaker domain and connective function, yet the relevant criteria are often applied to separate structures. Based on 500 sampled instances of “lai” and 500 of “qu” from the CCL corpus, this paper examines the diagnostics required for distinguishing different constructions within “lai/qu + VP”. It argues that five factors jointly serve as constructional criteria: actual spatial motion, deictic viewpoint constraints inherited from the lexical verbs, event-aspectual properties, syntactic expandability and co-occurring elements, and restrictions on subject person. These criteria show that the internal differentiation of “lai/qu + VP” is not a simple matter of lexical semantic bleaching, but is shaped by stable combinations of semantic, cognitive, event-structural and formal distributional features.