GIS支持下辽宁地区新石器时代聚落遗址空间分布特征研究

Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Neolithic Settlement Sites in the Liaoning Region Based on GIS

摘要: 辽宁省地处东北平原、华北平原、蒙古高原与渤海之间，地貌类型多样，新石器时代聚落遗址分布广泛、文化脉络清晰。本文通过建立辽宁地区新石器时代634处聚落遗址(540处可确定文化分期)的空间数据库，运用平均重心、标准差椭圆、泰森多边形与变异系数、多距离空间聚类及核密度估计等GIS方法，系统分析辽西文化区、辽东文化区北部、辽东文化区南部新石器早、中、晚期聚落遗址的空间格局与聚集特征。结果表明：(1) 各文化区遗址平均重心分别位于朝阳市龙城区、辽阳灯塔市与大连市普兰店区，转移轨迹分别呈“L”形、“N”形和“J”形，活动变幅辽东文化区北部最大、辽西区最小；除小河沿文化外，各期遗址多沿东北–西南方向展布，方向性与离散程度总体呈“紧凑–分散–紧凑”的波动特征。(2) 各期遗址均呈聚集分布：早期在0~33 km尺度上显著聚类，兴隆洼文化形成三处聚集区；中期以红山文化与新乐下层文化聚集程度最高，核密度呈单核心模式；晚期聚集范围扩展至110 km以外并趋于离散，辽东区呈多核心分布，辽西区趋于孤立分散。上述格局与文化兴衰、生业方式转变及区域自然环境分异密切相关。

Abstract: Liaoning Province lies between the Northeast Plain, the North China Plain, the Mongolian Plateau and the Bohai Sea, and its diverse landforms and widely distributed Neolithic settlements make it an ideal region for examining prehistoric human-environment relationships. This study builds a spatial database of 634 Neolithic settlement sites in Liaoning (540 of which can be assigned to specific cultural phases) and applies GIS methods including mean center, standard deviational ellipse, Thiessen polygon coefficient of variation, multi-distance spatial cluster analysis and kernel density estimation to systematically analyze the spatial patterns and clustering characteristics of Early, Middle and Late Neolithic settlements in the three cultural zones of Liaoxi, northern Liaodong and southern Liaodong. The results show that: (1) the mean centers of the three zones lie in Longcheng District of Chaoyang, Dengta City of Liaoyang and Pulandian District of Dalian, with trajectories forming “L”, “N” and “J” shapes, the largest range of movement occurring in northern Liaodong and the smallest in Liaoxi; except for the Xiaoheyan culture, most sites extend northeast-southwest, with directionality and dispersion following a “compact-dispersed-compact” pattern. (2) Except for the randomly distributed Xiaoheyan culture, sites of all periods are clustered: significant clustering occurs within 0~33 km in the early Neolithic; clustering peaks in the middle Neolithic under the Hongshan and Xinle Lower Layer cultures, forming a single-core kernel density pattern; and in the late Neolithic it disperses beyond 110 km, with multi-core patterns in the Liaodong and scattered sites in Liaoxi. These patterns are closely tied to cultural rise and decline, shifting subsistence economies and regional environmental differentiation.