火把节文化内涵探究——以六盘水海坪彝族火把节为例

On the Cultural Connotation of Torch Festival—Taking the Torch Festival of Yi People in Haiping, Liupanshui as an Example

摘要: 火把节是彝族代表性的民族传统节日，包含对火本身的崇拜、农耕祭祀的仪式、族群认同等多重文化内涵。六盘水海坪彝族火把节是贵州省省级非物质文化遗产，自正式举办至今，发展经历了从村寨节庆到官方文旅节庆，又由“一日火把节”到“火把季”的重大变化。本文以海坪火把节为个案，运用田野调查法，结合相关文献资料，梳理海坪火把节的历史渊源与仪式流程，探究其背后民俗信仰、农耕生态、族群凝聚、伦理社会、审美艺术五大核心文化内涵。海坪火把节以“火”为核心文化符号，是彝族先民敬畏自然、祈求丰收的仪式载体，在文旅转型过程中，节日出现传统仪式简化、符号消费、本土主体话语权被弱化等问题，唯有坚守独特文化内核，平衡保护与开发关系，才能实现传统节日的可持续发展。

Abstract: As the most representative traditional seasonal festival of the Yi people, the Torch Festival embodies multiple cultural connotations including fire-worship beliefs, farming sacrifices, ethnic identity and social interaction, and is known as “the Oriental Carnival”. The Haiping Yi Torch Festival in Liupanshui, a provincial-level intangible cultural heritage of Guizhou Province, is rooted in Yi communities in the Wumeng Mountainous Area. Since its official launch, it has undergone remarkable transformations: from a folk village festival to an official cultural-tourism event, and further from a “one-day Torch Festival” to a “Torch Season”. Taking the Haiping Torch Festival as a case study, this paper adopts fieldwork combined with documentary materials to sort out its historical origins and ritual procedures, and analyzes five core cultural connotations behind it: belief and sacrifice, agro-ecology, ethnic cohesion, social ethics, and aesthetic art. The study reveals that centered on the core symbol of “fire”, the Haiping Torch Festival serves as a ritual carrier for the Yi ancestors to revere nature and pray for bumper harvests. Nevertheless, amid the cultural-tourism capital-driven transformation, the festival is confronted with problems such as simplified rituals, symbolic consumption and weakened discourse power of local communities. Sustainable development of this traditional festival can only be achieved by adhering to its cultural essence and balancing heritage protection and tourism exploitation.