气凝胶在油水分离中的应用
Application of Aerogels in Oil-Water Separation
摘要: 随着石油开采、石化加工、交通运输及海洋运输等行业的快速发展，含油废水及溢油污染问题日益突出，对水生态环境和人类健康造成潜在威胁。传统重力分离、气浮、吸附及膜分离等油水分离技术在处理稳定乳液和微纳米尺度油滴时，仍存在分离效率、处理通量、能耗、抗污染性能及循环稳定性难以兼顾等问题。气凝胶具有低密度、高孔隙率、高比表面积和三维连通多孔网络等特点，并可通过表面润湿性调控、孔结构设计及多组分复合等策略实现油水选择性吸附和传输，因此成为近年来油水分离领域的重要功能材料。本文围绕气凝胶在油水分离中的应用，从材料组成及结构特征出发，将相关气凝胶主要分为无机气凝胶、碳基气凝胶、天然聚合物基气凝胶和合成聚合物基气凝胶四类，系统总结不同类型气凝胶的结构特点、界面润湿性调控策略及其油水分离应用。研究表明，无机气凝胶具有良好的化学稳定性和热稳定性，碳基气凝胶具有较高的比表面积、疏水性及油吸附能力，天然聚合物基气凝胶具有可再生、可降解和环境友好等优势，而合成聚合物基气凝胶则在机械性能、结构可设计性和化学稳定性方面表现突出。通过定向孔结构构筑、表面低表面能修饰、多重交联及多组分复合，可进一步实现气凝胶分离效率、通量、机械稳定性和循环再生性能的协同提升。此外，光热转换、光催化、磁响应和自清洁等功能的引入，使气凝胶逐渐由单一吸附材料向多功能、连续化油水分离材料发展。最后，本文总结了当前气凝胶油水分离材料在机械稳定性、规模化制备、长期循环使用、环境安全及实际复杂废水适应性等方面面临的挑战，并对绿色制备、多尺度结构调控、多功能集成及工程化应用等未来发展方向进行了展望，为高性能、低能耗和可持续油水分离材料的设计与应用提供参考。
Abstract: With the rapid development of industries such as petroleum extraction, petrochemical processing, transportation, and marine shipping, oily wastewater and oil spill pollution problems are becoming increasingly prominent, posing potential threats to the aquatic ecological environment and human health. Traditional oil-water separation technologies such as gravity separation, flotation, adsorption, and membrane separation still have problems in handling stable emulsions and micro/nano-scale oil droplets, such as difficulty in simultaneously achieving separation efficiency, processing throughput, energy consumption, anti-fouling performance, and cycle stability. Aerogels have the characteristics of low density, high porosity, high specific surface area, and three-dimensional interconnected porous networks. Furthermore, through strategies such as surface wettability control, pore structure design, and multi-component composites, selective adsorption and transport of oil and water can be achieved. Therefore, they have become an important functional material in the field of oil-water separation in recent years. This paper focuses on the application of aerogels in oil-water separation. Based on material composition and structural characteristics, aerogels are mainly classified into four categories: inorganic aerogels, carbon-based aerogels, natural polymer-based aerogels, and synthetic polymer-based aerogels. The paper systematically summarizes the structural characteristics, interfacial wettability control strategies, and oil-water separation applications of different types of aerogels. Research shows that inorganic aerogels possess good chemical and thermal stability; carbon-based aerogels have high specific surface area, hydrophobicity, and oil adsorption capacity; natural polymer-based aerogels offer advantages such as renewability, biodegradability, and environmental friendliness; while synthetic polymer-based aerogels excel in mechanical properties, structural designability, and chemical stability. Through directional pore structure construction, low surface energy modification, multiple cross-linking, and multi-component composites, the separation efficiency, throughput, mechanical stability, and recyclability of aerogels can be synergistically improved. Furthermore, the introduction of photothermal conversion, photocatalysis, magnetic response, and self-cleaning functions is gradually transforming aerogels from single adsorbent materials into multifunctional, continuous oil-water separation materials. Finally, this paper summarizes the current challenges faced by aerogel oil-water separation materials in terms of mechanical stability, large-scale preparation, long-term recycling, environmental safety, and adaptability to complex wastewater conditions. It also provides an outlook on future development directions, including green preparation, multi-scale structural control, multifunctional integration, and engineering applications, offering a reference for the design and application of high-performance, low-energy, and sustainable oil-water separation materials.
文章引用：陆佳丽. 气凝胶在油水分离中的应用[J]. 环境保护前沿, 2026, 16(9): 1550-1567. https://doi.org/10.12677/aep.2026.169156

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