从资本逻辑到人的逻辑：马克思需要理论的当代阐释

From Capital Logic to Human Logic: Contemporary Interpretation of Marx’s Theory of Needs

摘要: 马克思需要理论的核心问题在于揭示了两种不同的需要满足逻辑。在资本逻辑下，需要被纳入资本增殖的运行轨道，沦为价值增殖的手段和工具。与此相对，马克思所指向的人的逻辑，以人的自由全面发展为根本目的，需要回归其本真状态，成为人的本质力量的确认与实现。本文立足马克思需要理论，从资本逻辑下需要的异化状态、人的逻辑下需要的本真状态以及从前者向后者的转换的可能性与必然性三个层面展开论述，阐明这一转换既是生产力发展的必然结果，也是人的全面发展的客观需要。

Abstract: The core issue of Marx’s theory of needs lies in revealing two different logics of need satisfaction. Under the logic of capital, needs are incorporated into the orbit of capital accumulation and reduced to means and instruments of value valorization. In contrast, the human logic to which Marx points takes the free and all-round development of human beings as its fundamental purpose, requiring needs to return to their authentic state and become the confirmation and realization of human essential powers. Based on Marx’s theory of needs, this paper discusses three dimensions: the alienated state of needs under the logic of capital, the authentic state of needs under the human logic, and the possibility and necessity of the transition from the former to the latter. It clarifies that this transition is both an inevitable result of the development of productive forces and an objective need for the all-round development of human beings.