康德道德哲学中的“绝对命令”理论及其实践困境

The Theory of “Absolute Command” in Kant’s Moral Philosophy and Its Practical Dilemma

摘要: 康德的“绝对命令”理论是其义务论道德哲学的核心。从善良意志的内涵界定出发，剖析普遍立法、人是目的、意志自律三大公式的内在逻辑，系统地阐释出“绝对命令”的核心内容。康德的“绝对命令”具有丰富意蕴，康德在哲学史上第一次明确了善的定义，为现代道德实践困境提供参照。绝对命令也面临着一定的实践困境，被表述为普遍化公式的逻辑自洽性难题与“人是目的”公式的理论边界模糊问题。探究其实践困境，既有助于深化对西方道德哲学传统的理解，也能为伦理难题的解决提供思想启示。

Abstract: Kant’s “absolute command” theory is the core of his deontological moral philosophy. Starting from the definition of the connotation of good will, this paper analyzes the internal logic of the three formulas of universal legislation, human being as the purpose and self-discipline of will, and systematically explains the core content of “absolute command”. Kant’s “absolute command” has rich implications. Kant clarified the definition of goodness for the first time in the history of philosophy, providing a reference for the dilemma of modern moral practice. The absolute command also faces certain practical difficulties, which are expressed as the logical self-consistency problem of the generalized formula and the theoretical boundary ambiguity problem of the “human is the purpose” formula. Exploring its practical dilemma not only helps to deepen the understanding of the tradition of Western moral philosophy, but also provides ideological enlightenment for the ethical problems.