《1857—1858年经济学手稿》中人的发展“三形态”理论的哲学内涵及其现实意义

The Philosophical Implications and Practical Relevance of the “Three Forms” Theory of Human Development in “The Economic Manuscripts of 1857-1858”

摘要: 《1857—1858年经济学手稿》是马克思政治经济学批判的奠基之作，书中提出的人的发展“三形态”理论，以人的存在方式为核心划分人类历史发展阶段，成为历史唯物主义与人学思想的经典表达。该理论梳理了“人的依赖关系–物的依赖关系–自由个性”的历史演进脉络，系统阐释不同形式下人的生存状态、社会关系与发展局限，兼具历史观、辩证法与人学三重哲学内涵。立足当代语境，人的发展“三形态”理论能够有效解读数字资本主义、消费异化等资本主义新变化，也为中国式现代化锚定发展方位、践行以人民为中心的发展理念提供理论支撑，同时可为破解现代人的发展困境、探寻人的解放路径带来深刻启示。重读这一经典理论，对坚持和发展马克思主义、推进人的全面发展具有重要理论与实践价值。

Abstract: “The Economic Manuscripts of 1857-1858” constitutes a foundational text in Marx’s critique of political economy. The “Three Forms” Theory of human development put forward in this manuscript classifies the stages of human historical development centered on human modes of existence, which has become a classic expression of historical materialism and Marxist human theory. This theory sorts out the historical evolution from the relationship of human dependence to the relationship of material dependence and finally to free individuality. It systematically expounds human living conditions, social relations and developmental limitations in different historical forms, and contains profound philosophical connotations in historical view, dialectics and human studies. Grounded in the contemporary context, the theory of the “Three Forms” of human development offers an effective framework for interpreting new capitalist developments—such as digital capitalism and the alienation of consumption—while providing theoretical support for anchoring the trajectory of Chinese-style modernization and implementing a people-centered development philosophy. Moreover, it yields profound insights into resolving the developmental dilemmas faced by modern individuals and exploring pathways toward human emancipation. Revisiting this classic theory holds significant theoretical and practical value for upholding and advancing Marxism and promoting the all-round development of human beings.