《1844年经济学哲学手稿》对费尔巴哈人本观的扬弃与超越

The Sublation and Transcendence of Feuerbach’s Humanistic View in “Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844”

摘要: 在《1844年经济学哲学手稿》异化理论研究中，学界长期存在“人本主义”与“科学唯物主义”的对立解读。从“对象性活动”原则出发，可以跳出这一非此即彼的二元框架，揭示马克思如何在沿用费尔巴哈“类本质”“对象性”等术语的同时，为其注入关系性维度的全新内核。马克思在异化劳动理论中揭示了生产领域人的存在方式及社会关系的异化，又以交往异化理论阐释了流通领域的物化关系，二者共同完成了对费尔巴哈人本主义的超越。这一超越将批判的根基从抽象本质转向现实的社会实践与社会关系，使《手稿》成为从“感性直观”走向“对象性活动”的哲学革命转折点，为理解马克思早期思想与历史唯物主义的内在关联提供了新的阐释路径。

Abstract: In the study of alienation theory in the “Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844”, there has long been an opposing interpretation between “humanism” and “scientific materialism” in the academic community. Starting from the principle of “objective activity”, we can break out of this binary framework of either or and reveal how Marx injected a new core of relational dimension into Feuerbach while using terms such as “class essence” and “objectivity”. Marx revealed the mode of human existence and the alienation of social relations in the production field in the theory of alienated labor, and explained the materialization relationship in the circulation field through the theory of alienation of communication. Together, they completed the transcendence of Feuerbach’s humanism. This transcendence shifts the foundation of criticism from abstract essence to realistic social practice and social relations, making the Manuscript a philosophical revolutionary turning point from “sensory intuition” to “objective activity”, providing a new interpretive path for understanding the intrinsic relationship between Marx’s early ideas and historical materialism.