马克思人的本质理论的演进逻辑

The Evolutionary Logic of Marx’s Theory of Human Essence

摘要: “人的本质”作为马克思理论体系的核心概念之一，是一个非常复杂的问题，也是一个急需厘清的问题。马克思在对黑格尔和费尔巴哈人的本质理论进行批判继承的基础上，以人的类本质为逻辑起点，把“类”看作是人性规定的特有理念，深入人类生活探寻实现人的解放的现实路径，提出人的本质是一切社会关系的总和，在“现实的人”的基础上对人的本质进行展开，并阐发出人的本质问题的终极指向，即实现人的解放、使人得到自由而全面的发展，至此构建了人的本质理论体系。马克思在不同时期对人的本质的表述不尽相同，但它们不是并列关系，更不是相互否定的关系，而是以实现人的解放为内核层层递进的。

Abstract: As one of the core concepts in Marx’s theoretical system, the “human essence” is a highly complex issue that urgently calls for clarification. On the basis of critically inheriting and transforming Hegel’s and Feuerbach’s theories of human essence, Marx takes the species essence of human beings as the logical point of departure, regards “species” as a distinctive conceptual category constitutive of human nature, and explores human life in depth in search of concrete paths toward human emancipation. He puts forward the proposition that “human essence is the ensemble of social relations,” and develops his understanding of human essence on the basis of the “real human being.” In doing so, Marx further elucidates the ultimate orientation of the question of human essence, namely, the realization of human emancipation and the attainment of the free and all-round development of human beings, thereby establishing a systematic theory of human essence. Although Marx’s formulations concerning human essence vary across different periods of his theoretical development, they should neither be regarded as parallel propositions nor understood as mutually negating one another. Rather, they constitute a progressive theoretical development centered on the realization of human emancipation.