高外水压力现场测试技术研究现状综述

A Review of Current Research on Field Testing Technologies for High External Water Pressure

摘要: 高外水压力是深埋水工隧洞、海底隧道及富水山岭隧道设计和施工中的关键控制因素，其现场测试结果直接影响衬砌水荷载取值、排水系统设计、注浆圈参数优化以及突涌水风险评估。近十年研究表明，外水压力现场测试已由单点水压观测逐步发展为孔内分层监测、洞内衬砌背后水压监测、光纤传感、水力层析反演、排水系统性能监测和数值反馈分析相结合的综合技术体系。本文在梳理近十年国内外文献的基础上，归纳高外水压力测试对象、测试方法、传感装备、模型试验与工程应用的研究进展，比较不同技术的适用条件和局限性，并讨论复杂地质体表征、多场耦合监测、传感器长期可靠性和监测数据深度利用等共性问题。综述认为，未来高外水压力现场测试将向多源感知、三维反演、实时反馈和智能预警方向发展，其核心不再是单纯获得水压力数值，而是构建能够服务于设计校核、施工调整和运营安全管理的全过程测试–分析闭环。

Abstract: High external water pressure is a key controlling factor in the design and construction of deep-buried hydraulic tunnels, subsea tunnels, and water-rich mountain tunnels. Its field test results directly affect the determination of lining water loads, drainage system design, optimization of grouting ring parameters, and water-inrush risk assessment. Studies over the past decade show that field testing of external water pressure has gradually evolved from single-point water pressure observation into an integrated technical system combining multi-level borehole monitoring, measurement of water pressure behind the tunnel lining, fiber-optic sensing, hydraulic tomography inversion, drainage system performance monitoring, and numerical feedback analysis. Based on a review of domestic and international literature over the past decade, this paper summarizes research progress in testing objects, testing methods, sensing equipment, model tests, and engineering applications for high external water pressure, compares the applicability and limitations of different technologies, and discusses common issues such as the characterization of complex geological bodies, multi-field coupling monitoring, long-term sensor reliability, and in-depth utilization of monitoring data. This review concludes that future field testing of high external water pressure will develop toward multi-source sensing, three-dimensional inversion, real-time feedback, and intelligent early warning. Its core objective is no longer merely to obtain water pressure values, but to establish a full-process testing-analysis closed loop that can serve design verification, construction adjustment, and operational safety management.