气候变化背景下湖泊热分层与混合过程的响应及其生态效应研究进展

Research Progress on the Responses of Lake Thermal Stratification and Mixing Processes to Climate Change and Their Ecological Effects

摘要: 全球气候变暖持续改变湖泊热力收支平衡，引发热分层物候偏移、分层强度提升、混合层萎缩及水下热浪频发等结构性变异，重塑湖泊垂直混合物理过程。热分层的异常强化通过水体垂向阻隔效应，打破湖泊原有物质循环与自净规律，诱发底层持续性缺氧、内源氮磷污染激增、藻类水华频发等水环境问题，大幅加剧湖泊水体污染与富营养化风险，抵消流域外源治污成效，已成为当前湖泊水环境管控的新型难点。相较于传统人为污染，气候驱动的湖泊热力结构变异具备隐蔽性、持续性与不可逆性特征，且在高原湖泊、浅水多次混合湖等不同类型湖泊中呈现差异化污染响应规律。本文以气候变化下湖泊热分层与垂直混合过程演变为核心，系统梳理湖泊热力格局的全球变化响应特征，完整阐释热分层变异介导湖泊水体污染恶化的内在机制与生态连锁效应，结合当前该领域研究短板与湖泊治理现实问题，针对性构建适配气候变暖背景、突出气候适应性增量措施的湖泊水污染防控与生态治理体系，以期为气候变化下湖泊水环境长效治理与生态安全保障提供科学参考。

Abstract: Ongoing global warming alters the thermal budget balance of lakes, triggering structural variations including shifted thermal stratification phenology, enhanced stratification strength, shrinking mixed layers, and frequent underwater heatwaves, thereby reshaping the physical processes of vertical mixing in lakes. The abnormal intensification of thermal stratification creates vertical isolation within the water column, disrupting lakes’ original material cycling and self-purification regimes. This induces persistent hypoxia in bottom waters, surges in internal nitrogen and phosphorus loading, frequent algal blooms and other aquatic environmental issues, greatly exacerbating water pollution and eutrophication risks in lakes and offsetting the effectiveness of catchment external pollution control. It has emerged as a new challenge for current lake water environmental management. Compared with conventional anthropogenic pollution, climate-driven variations in lake thermal structures are cryptic, persistent and largely irreversible, with divergent pollution response patterns observed across lake types such as plateau lakes and shallow polymictic lakes. Focusing on the evolution of lake thermal stratification and vertical mixing processes under climate change, this paper systematically reviews the global response characteristics of lake thermal regimes to changing climate, fully elaborates the internal mechanisms and cascading ecological effects by which altered thermal stratification exacerbates lake water pollution. In light of existing research gaps and practical challenges in lake restoration, it develops a targeted lake water pollution prevention and ecological governance framework featuring climate-adaptive incremental measures suitable for a warming world. This work aims to provide scientific references for long-term lake water environment management and ecological security protection under climate change.