浙江温岭市废弃矿山植被恢复特性分析

Analysis of Vegetation Restoration Characteristics in Abandoned Mines in Wenling City, Zhejiang Province

摘要: 目的：旨在分析温岭市废弃矿山高陡岩质边坡的植被恢复难点。方法：采用“方木条 + 镀锌铁丝网挂网 + 管状植生带 + 厚层基材喷播”工艺，并在坡脚平台开展覆土种植，对5座不同恢复年限(0.5~5 a)废弃矿山设置的40个样方开展植被调查。结果：1) 本次调查共记录植物46科99属132种，其中木本植物20科28属37种，草本植物26科71属95种；菊科、禾本科、豆科和蔷薇科在生态修复植物群落中占据重要地位，一年生草本可快速完成定植。2) 不同坡位的植物群落组成存在较明显差异，下坡的乔灌木与草本植物在种类、高度、盖度上均优于上坡和中坡。3) 乔 + 灌 + 草的建群种分别为银合欢、女贞 + 木蓝、苎麻 + 决明、五节芒，设计种子配方中有意识地加入较多乔灌木种子，属于人为促进植物群落正向演替的措施。结论：温岭市废弃矿山整体植被恢复效果较好，科属组成较为分散，以乡土草本植物占据主导地位，群落物种组成与结构逐渐向良性方向发展；由于植物群落演替与恢复时间密切相关，本次研究覆盖的0.5~5 a恢复区群落演替仍处于演替初期，后续应当开展持续监测，通过试验手段筛选一些可以抵御外来物种的抗性较强的树种，并应用于被破坏的山体或其他生境，掌握废弃矿山植物群落的演替规律。

Abstract: Objective: To analyze the challenges associated with vegetation restoration on high-angled rocky slopes in abandoned mining sites within Wenling City. Methodology: The “wooden strip + galvanized wire mesh installation + tubular vegetation belt + thick-layer substrate spraying” technique was employed; soil covering and planting were conducted on the slope base platform. Vegetation surveys were carried out across 40 sample quadrats established at five abandoned mining sites with varying restoration durations (0.5~5 years). Results: 1) This survey recorded 132 plant species belonging to 99 genera across 46 families, including 37 woody plant species (20 families, 28 genera) and 95 herbaceous plant species (26 families, 71 genera); the Asteraceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae, and Rosaceae families play significant roles in the ecological restoration plant communities, while annual herbaceous plants can establish themselves rapidly. 2) There were notable differences in the composition of plant communities across different slope positions; the tree, shrub, and herbaceous plant communities on the downhill slopes exhibited higher species richness, greater height, and greater coverage compared to those on the uphill and mid-slope areas. 3) The founding species for the tree-shrub-herbaceous community were Acacia spp., Ligustrum + Indigo naturalis, Mākā + Cassia, and Pterocarpus spp.; the designed seed mixture intentionally incorporated a higher proportion of tree and shrub seeds, representing a human-driven measure to promote the positive succession of plant communities. Conclusion: The overall vegetation restoration efforts at the abandoned mining sites in Wenling City have yielded favorable results; the taxonomic composition of the vegetation is relatively diverse, with native herbaceous plants dominating the community, and the species composition and structure of these communities are gradually evolving toward a more sustainable state. Since plant community succession is closely linked to the duration of restoration, the communities within the 0.5~5-year restoration zones covered in this study are still in the early stages of succession; therefore, continuous monitoring should be conducted in the future. Through experimental approaches, tree species with high resistance to invasive species should be identified and deployed on damaged mountain slopes or other habitats to better understand the succession patterns of plant communities in abandoned mining areas.