农村老人养老方式选择的代际逻辑：家庭关系变迁的研究述评

The Intergenerational Logic of Elderly Care Choices among Rural Older Adults: A Review of Research on Changes in Family Relations

摘要: 在城镇化持续推进、农村人口老龄化加深和家庭结构小型化的背景下，农村老人养老方式选择不再只是家庭内部的私人安排，而是家庭代际关系、村庄社会规范和社会支持体系共同作用的结果。本文将围绕家庭社会学和农村社会学视角，对近年相关研究及经典理论文献进行梳理。研究发现：农村家庭代际关系正呈现资源下行、反馈弱化、居住分离和照料责任再分配等特征；农村老人养老方式由传统的家庭依赖逐渐转向自我养老、互助养老、女儿参与养老及有限社会化服务等多元组合。本文进一步指出，现有研究虽然形成了“反馈模式弱化”的基本共识，但在父代能动性、性别分工变化、村庄规范重建和政策转化机制等方面仍存在解释不足。文章据此提出以家庭协商、社区嵌入和基层社会服务联动为核心的政策启示。

Abstract: Against the backdrop of continued urbanization, deepening population aging in rural areas, and the miniaturization of family structures, the choice of elderly care arrangements for rural older adults is no longer merely a private matter within the family. Rather, it is shaped by the combined influence of family intergenerational relations, village social norms, and social support systems. From the perspectives of family sociology and rural sociology, this paper reviews recent studies and classical theoretical literature on this topic. The findings show that intergenerational relations in rural families are increasingly characterized by downward resource flows, weakened feedback from adult children, residential separation, and the redistribution of caregiving responsibilities. Meanwhile, rural older adults’ elderly care arrangements are gradually shifting from traditional family dependence toward diversified combinations of self-care, mutual-aid care, daughters’ participation in caregiving, and limited socialized services. This paper further argues that although existing research has reached a basic consensus on the weakening of the “feedback model,” it still provides insufficient explanations regarding parental agency, changes in gendered divisions of care, the reconstruction of village norms, and mechanisms of policy transformation. Based on this analysis, the paper proposes policy implications centered on family negotiation, community embeddedness, and coordination with grassroots social services.