中国省域城乡关键生态资源双维空间匹配特征分析

Analysis of the Two-Dimensional Spatial Matching Characteristics of Key Ecological Resources in Urban and Rural Areas across Provincial Regions of China

摘要: 城乡生态资源与人口和土地的双重空间匹配格局，是分析不同省域生态承载特征的关键方法。传统“城镇–乡村”二元划分框架难以精准识别城乡过渡区的匹配特征，导致难以判断出生态资源与人口、土地的空间错配规律。本文以林地、草地、园地三类核心生态资源为对象，基于中国多时期土地利用/土地覆盖(LUCC)遥感监测数据(2020年)和1 km人口空间分布网格数据，构建“生态资源–人口匹配指数(Rep)”与“生态资源–土地匹配指数(Rel)”双维指标，并对两种指标进行了综合分析。在此基础上，结合OECD城乡三元分类体系，从全国、七大地理分区、省域及城乡类型四个尺度，系统揭示2020年我国生态资源与人口、土地的空间匹配格局及其类型分异。研究显示：(1) 省域双维匹配指数呈现显著梯度差异——不同省级行政区人口匹配指数极差达到83.548 (西藏83.566与江苏0.018)，土地匹配指数极差则达到1.390 (福建1.464与江苏0.074)；(2) 27个省级行政区可划分为高匹配型(10个，37.0%)、人口超载型(3个，11.1%)、生态本底约束型(4个，14.8%)和双低型(10个，37.0%)四种类型。(3) OECD城乡类型对双维匹配格局具有显著分异效应：其中乡村主导区双维匹配指数最高，城乡过渡区居中，城市主导区接近全国平均，三类区域的综合匹配指数差异清晰揭示了城乡梯度上的匹配分异规律。

Abstract: The dual spatial matching pattern of urban-rural ecological resources with population and land is a key method for analyzing the ecological carrying characteristics of different provinces. The traditional “urban-rural” binary classification framework makes it difficult to accurately identify the matching characteristics of urban-rural transition zones, thereby hindering the determination of spatial mismatch patterns between ecological resources and population and land. This study takes three core types of ecological resources—forestland, grassland, and garden land—as its objects. Based on China’s multi-temporal land use/land cover (LUCC) remote sensing monitoring data (2020) and 1 km gridded population spatial distribution data, this study constructs two-dimensional indicators: the “Ecological Resource-Population Matching Index (Rep)” and the “Ecological Resource-Land Matching Index (Rel)”, and conducts a comprehensive analysis of the two indicators. On this basis, integrating the OECD tripartite urban-rural classification system, this study systematically reveals the spatial matching pattern of China’s ecological resources with population and land in 2020 and its typological differentiation at four scales: national, seven major geographical regions, provincial, and urban-rural type. The results show that: (1) the provincial two-dimensional matching indices exhibit significant gradient differences—the range of the population matching index among provinces reaches 83.548 (Tibet: 83.566 vs. Jiangsu: 0.018), while the range of the land matching index reaches 1.390 (Fujian: 1.464 vs. Jiangsu: 0.074); (2) the 27 provinces can be classified into four types: high-matching type (10 provinces, 37.0%), population-overload type (3 provinces, 11.1%), ecological baseline-constrained type (4 provinces, 14.8%), and dual-low type (10 provinces, 37.0%); and (3) OECD urban-rural types have a significant differentiation effect on the two-dimensional matching pattern: rural-dominated areas have the highest two-dimensional matching index, urban-rural transition areas rank in the middle, and urban-dominated areas are close to the national average. The differences in the comprehensive matching index among the three area types clearly reveal the matching differentiation pattern along the urban-rural gradient.