焦作方言“非”字研究

A Study on the Word “Fei” in Jiaozuo Dialect

摘要: 本文以晋语邯新片焦作方言中的“非”字为研究对象，在田野调查所获得的口语语料基础上，从句法、语义、语用三个方面对焦作方言“非”进行系统描写与深入分析。研究表明，在共时层面，“非”具有否定副词与情态副词的双重句法属性，其核心句法搭配模式包括基础式“非 + VP/AP”、固化式“非 + 不 + VP”和“非……不可/不中/不行”以及特殊式“非 + 名词”“非 + 数量结构”，其中“非……不中”是最具方言特色的格式。在情态系统方面，本文借鉴情态类型学，将焦作方言“非”的核心情态分为两类：执拗情态，属于动力情态中的意志/意愿，表达主语不顾劝阻的坚持、强求；必然情态，属于道义—事理情态中的必要/唯一条件，表达客观事理、条件要求下的必要性。在语用层面，“非”具有强调、祈使和互动功能，但其话语标记用法尚处萌芽状态，未完全虚化为典型话语标记。

Abstract: This paper takes the word “fei” in the Jiaozuo dialect of the Handing-Xinxiang sub-dialect of Jin Chinese as its subject, and systematically describes and deeply analyzes the syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic features of “fei” based on oral data collected through fieldwork. The study reveals that synchronically, “fei” possesses dual syntactic properties as both a negation adverb and a modal adverb. Its core syntactic patterns include the basic form “fei + VP/AP,” the fixed constructions “fei + bu + VP” and "fei… bu ke/bu zhong/bu xing," as well as special forms such as “fei + noun” and “fei + quantifier structure,” among which “fei... bu Zhong” is the most distinctive dialectal construction. In terms of modality, drawing on typological theories of modality, this paper identifies two core modal types: obstinate modality, which belongs to dynamic modality of volition, and necessity modality, which belongs to deontic-situational necessity. Pragmatically, “fei” serves emphatic, imperative, and interactional functions, but its discourse-marker use is only emergent rather than prototypical.