从“目睹身历”到“考古验今”——《钦定皇舆西域图志》综合探析

From “Personal Witness and Experience” to “Archaeological Verification of the Present”—A Comprehensive Analysis of The Imperial Approved Royal Atlas and Gazetteer of the Western Regions

摘要: 《西域图志》，全称《钦定皇舆西域图志》，是清高宗初定西域后官修地方志之一，编纂者许敬宗、褚延璋等于乾隆四十七年，据何国宗带回的测绘资料与官方军政档案编纂而成。政治背景方面，清朝平定西域，完成了西北疆域大一统。学术价值方面，全书体例完备，分为天章、图考、列表、分志、杂录，分门别类地清楚记述了清代西域地区的政治制度、军事管理、人文风俗、地理风貌等诸多内容。本文从编纂背景、书本体例、编纂优长、缺陷不足、版本情况和对后世研究的价值六个方面，将《西域图志》进行系统分析与评价。《西域图志》在《天章》《官制》中阐发了西域历代共尊中国认同；《疆域》《山》《水》中抒发了历朝共聚中国西域版图；《屯政》《钱法》中宣扬了西域历朝共承中国之制。该书是清代西北史地学开山典籍，是研究清代西域必不可少的史料工具书，保存大量一手原始文献，具备极高的文献价值与史学价值。文章进一步讨论版本层级及其作为西域文学史料的使用边界，主张对其中诗文、地名、风俗、音乐等材料应分别判断其证据性质，避免把官修定本直接等同于未经加工的一手记录。

Abstract: The Imperial Approved Royal Atlas and Gazetteer of the Western Regions is one of the officially compiled local gazetteers completed after the Qianlong Emperor of the Qing Dynasty unified the Western Regions. Compiled in the 47th year of the Qianlong reign by Xu Jingzong, Chu Yanzhang and other scholars, the book was composed based on the surveying and mapping data collected by He Guozong and official military and political archives. In terms of political background, the Qing Dynasty’s pacification of the Western Regions realized the great unification of the northwest frontier. In terms of academic value, the book features a well-structured compilation system, consisting of six parts: Imperial Edicts and Writings, Atlas Research, Statistical Tables, Sub-gazetteers, and Miscellaneous Records. It systematically and categorically records the political systems, military administration, human customs, geographical features and other key information of the Western Regions in the Qing Dynasty. This paper conducts a systematic analysis and evaluation of the book from six dimensions: compilation background, textual structure, compilation advantages, inherent deficiencies, version evolution, and research value for future studies. The chapters of Imperial Edicts and Writings and Official Systems elaborate the consistent recognition of Chinese sovereignty over the Western Regions throughout successive dynasties; the chapters of Territory, Mountains and Rivers demonstrate that the Western Regions have been an integral part of China’s territory across dynasties; the chapters of Garrison Administration and Currency System illustrate the inheritance of China’s institutional systems in the Western Regions through successive dynasties. As a pioneering classic of northwest historical geography studies in the Qing Dynasty, this book is an essential documentary reference for the research on the Qing Dynasty’s Western Regions history. It preserves a large number of first-hand original documents and boasts extremely high literary and historical value. This paper further discusses the hierarchical differences of its various versions and the application boundaries of the book as a literary historical material of the Western Regions. It proposes that the evidentiary attributes of its records on poems and prose, place names, folk customs, music and other materials should be judged separately, avoiding equating the officially finalized version with unprocessed first-hand records.