积极老龄化视角下失独老人社会再融入的困境与支持体系构建

Dilemmas and Support System Construction for the Social Reintegration of the Sole-Childless Elderly from the Perspective of Active Aging

摘要: 在失独群体规模持续扩大的背景下，系统审视该群体社会再融入的深层困境及其形成机制，并基于积极老龄化理论构建系统性支持框架，具有重要的理论与现实意义。通过文献研究与理论分析法，整合人口学宏观数据与边缘化理论成果，本文建构了“结构边缘–心理边缘”双重分析框架。研究发现，失独老人的社会再融入困境并非单一的经济或心理问题，而是结构边缘与心理边缘相互锁定的结果：前者表现为制度供给碎片化、社会支持网络断裂与服务供需错位；后者表现为延长性哀伤的持续困扰、自我认同的消极转向与社会参与的主动性退缩。二者的交织构成了难以自我修复的闭合回路，其深层根源在于丧子后心理创伤先于结构性排斥，进而导致社会网络的瓦解。据此，应以积极老龄化理论为价值导向，构建“心理重建–社会参与–制度托底”三位一体的协同支持体系。这要求在哀伤的不同阶段嵌入差异化干预，将菜单式养老服务与美育治疗等创新路径纳入保障模块，从而帮助失独老人实现从“被动受助”向“积极融入”的根本性转变。

Abstract: Against the backdrop of the continuously expanding population of the childless elderly, systematically examining the deep-seated dilemmas and formation mechanisms of their socialation, and constructing a systematic support framework based on the theory of active aging, holds significant theoretical and practical importance. Through literature research and theoretical analysis, integrating macro-demographic with the achievements of marginalization theory, this paper constructs a dual analytical framework of “structural marginalization - psychological marginalization.” The study finds that the social reintegration dilemma of childless elderly is not a simple economic or psychological problem, but the result of the mutual locking of structural and psychological marginalization: the former manifests as fragmented institutional provision, broken social networks, and a mismatch between service supply and demand; the latter manifests as the persistent distress of prolonged grief, a negative shift in self-identity, and an active withdrawal from participation. The intertwining of the two forms a closed loop that is difficult to self-repair, the deep root of which lies in the fact that psychological trauma after the loss of child precedes structural exclusion, thereby leading to the collapse of social networks. Accordingly, guided by the value orientation of the active aging theory, a three-in-one synergistic support system “psychological reconstruction - social participation - institutional bottom-line protection” should be constructed. This requires embedding differentiated interventions at different stages of grief, and incorporating innovative paths such as menu style elderly care services and aesthetic therapy into the protection module, thereby helping the childless elderly achieve a fundamental transformation from “passive assistance” to “active integration”.