马克思实践主体性思想的三重维度——基于《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》

The Three Dimensions of Marx’s Thought on Practical Subjectivity—Based on “Theses on Feuerbach”

摘要: 《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》将实践作为马克思主义哲学的核心范畴，首次确立了马克思的实践主体性思想，并从存在论、社会历史和价值论三重维度进行系统阐释。实践主体以“感性活动”为其存在论根基，作为“社会关系的总和”，在社会历史性的实践中获得现实性规定，最终以改造世界的实践作为主体的解放路径，实现“人类社会”。这三重维度内在统一，确立了马克思实践主体性思想的哲学框架。主体从异化状态摆脱，获得自由发展的条件，也对当代社会主体性困境提供了现实启示。

Abstract: “Theses on Feuerbach” establishes practice as the core category of Marxist philosophy, marking the first systematic articulation of Marx’s thought on practical subjectivity. This thought is systematically elaborated across three dimensions: ontological, social-historical, and axiological. The practical subject is grounded ontologically in “sensuous human activity,” acquires its concrete determination as the “ensemble of social relations,” and ultimately takes “transforming the world” as its mission to realize “human society.” These three dimensions are internally unified, establishing the philosophical framework of Marx’s thought on practical subjectivity and providing a philosophical foundation for understanding human emancipation, while offering contemporary insights into the predicament of subjectivity in modern society.