原著文本视域下“现实的人”的内涵阐释

An Interpretation of the Connotation of “Real Human Beings” from the Perspective of Original Texts

摘要: 为厘清“现实的人”范畴的原典内涵与理论价值，本文以马克思对德国古典哲学抽象人性论的批判超越为理论起点，在系统梳理国内外相关研究的基础上，采用文本细读、语境还原与逻辑贯通的方法，考察《1844年经济学哲学手稿》(以下简称《手稿》)、《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》(以下简称《提纲》)、《德意志意识形态》(以下简称《形态》)三部著作中“现实的人”范畴的论证结构与内涵层次。研究表明，这一范畴在文本中的生成并非线性的目的论演进，《手稿》仍保留费尔巴哈的类本质术语并依附人本学逻辑，《提纲》确立了以社会关系规定人的本质的立场，《形态》则完成了论证范式从人本学逻辑向生产逻辑的转变；其核心内涵是实践性、历史性、社会性的辩证统一，并由此构成历史唯物主义的逻辑起点与马克思主义原著体系的文本枢纽。厘清其原典内涵与理论价值，可望为马克思主义研究和中国实践提供一些原著层面的思考。

Abstract: To clarify the original meaning and theoretical significance of the concept of “real human beings,” this article takes Marx’s critique and transcendence of the abstract humanism in German classical philosophy as its theoretical starting point. Based on a systematic review of relevant research at home and abroad, it employs close textual analysis, contextual reconstruction, and logical integration to examine the argumentative structure and layers of meaning of the category “real human beings” in three key works: the “Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844” (hereafter referred to as the “Manuscripts”), “Theses on Feuerbach” (hereafter referred to as the “Theses”), and “The German Ideology” (hereafter referred to as “The Form”). Research shows that the development of this concept within the texts is not a linear, teleological progression. The “Manuscripts” still retain Feuerbach’s terminology of species-being and remain embedded in humanistic logic; the “Theses” establish the standpoint that human essence is defined by social relations; and “The Form” completes the shift from humanistic logic to productive logic as the dominant framework of argumentation. At its core, the concept embodies the dialectical unity of practicality, historicity, and sociality, forming both the logical starting point of historical materialism and a textual hub within the original Marxist corpus. Clarifying its original meaning and theoretical value offers valuable insights for Marxist studies and Chinese practice at the level of primary sources.