控释肥调控烤烟生长发育的研究进展

Research Progress on the Regulation of Flue-Cured Tobacco Growth and Development by Controlled-Release Fertilizers

摘要: 控释肥作为一种能够调控养分释放速率的新型肥料，施用量是决定其在烤烟生产中应用效果的关键参数。不同施用量水平对烤烟的农艺性状、光合作用、叶绿素含量、干物质积累、根系活力、碳氮代谢、产量品质及肥料利用率等均产生差异化的调控效应。适宜的控释肥施用量能够显著促进烤烟生长发育，提高光合效率，增强根系活力，协调碳氮代谢过程，实现产量与品质的同步提升；控释肥施用量不足则导致养分供应短缺，烟株生长受限，叶色发黄，光合速率下降，干物质积累减少，产量降低；而施用量过高则可能引起奢侈吸收，导致烟株贪青晚熟，烟叶结构僵硬，化学成分协调性变差，烟碱含量升高，还原糖含量下降，甚至对根系产生胁迫效应。控释肥施用量的优化还与土壤类型、气候条件、烤烟品种及控释肥释放特性密切相关，在砂性土壤和降雨充沛地区需要适当增加施用量以弥补养分淋溶损失，而在粘性土壤和干旱地区则应适度降低施用量以避免释放滞后导致的后期供氮过剩。在减氮增效技术框架下，控释肥减量替代策略展现出显著的经济效益和环境效益，通过将部分速效肥替换为控释肥并在适度降低总施氮量的条件下施用，可以稳定或提升烟叶产量与质量。本文系统阐述了不同控释肥施用量对烤烟生长发育的差异化调控效应及其生理生态机制，旨在为控释肥在烤烟生产中的科学用量确定提供理论依据。

Abstract: As a new type of fertilizer that can regulate the rate of nutrient release, the application rate of controlled-release fertilizer is a key parameter determining its effectiveness in flue-cured tobacco production. Different application levels have differential regulatory effects on the agronomic traits, photosynthesis, chlorophyll content, dry matter accumulation, root activity, carbon-nitrogen metabolism, yield quality, and fertilizer use efficiency of flue-cured tobacco. An appropriate application rate of controlled-release fertilizer can significantly promote the growth and development of flue-cured tobacco, increase photosynthetic efficiency, enhance root activity, coordinate carbon-nitrogen metabolic processes, and achieve simultaneous improvements in yield and quality; insufficient application leads to nutrient deficiency, restricted plant growth, yellowing leaves, decreased photosynthetic rate, reduced dry matter accumulation, and lower yield; whereas excessive application may cause luxury consumption, resulting in overly dark green and late-maturing plants, stiff leaf structure, worsened coordination of chemical components, increased nicotine content, reduced reducing sugar content, and even stress effects on the roots. The optimization of controlled-release fertilizer application rates is also closely related to soil type, climatic conditions, flue-cured tobacco varieties, and the release characteristics of controlled-release fertilizers. In sandy soils and areas with abundant rainfall, it is necessary to appropriately increase the application rate to compensate for nutrient leaching losses, while in clay soils and arid regions, the application rate should be moderately reduced to avoid excessive late nitrogen supply caused by delayed release. Within the framework of nitrogen reduction and efficiency enhancement techniques, the strategy of partially replacing conventional fertilizers with controlled-release fertilizers shows significant economic and environmental benefits. By substituting part of the quick-acting fertilizer with controlled-release fertilizer and moderately reducing the total nitrogen application, tobacco yield and quality can be stabilized or improved. This paper systematically elaborates on the differential regulatory effects of various controlled-release fertilizer application rates on the growth and development of flue-cured tobacco and their physiological and ecological mechanisms, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for determining the scientific application rate of controlled-release fertilizers in flue-cured tobacco production.